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第一部分 写作基础：写作步骤和写作标准 3

1.Introduction 3

1.1 The Importance of Essay Writing 3

1.2 Levels of（American） College Student Essays 4

1.3 Common College Essay Assignments 5

1.4 The Aim and Organization of the Book 6

2.How to Generate Ideas：Planning 8

2.1 Find a Good Topic 8

2.2 Understand a Given Topic 10

2.3 Generate Ideas for a Topic 13

2.4 Get a Plan for Organization 16

2.5 Use Criteria to Form Strong Main Points 19

3.How to Organize Ideas：Drafting 26

3.1 Drafting versus Planning 26

3.2 Outlining before Drafting 27

3.3 Writing the Introduction 28

3.4 Writing Body Paragraphs 32

3.5 Writing the Conclusion 38

4.How to Polish Ideas：Revising 40

4.1 Be Willing to Make Changes 40

4.2 Understand Writing Standards：Unity，Coherence and Support 42

4.3 Revise for Better Focus and Organization 49

4.4 Revise for Better Coherence 52

4.5 Revise for Better Support 53

4.6 Revise for Grammatical Correctness 55

第二部分 分享写作 61

5.Sharing Experiences：Narrating 61

5.1 How to Plan for a Narrative 62

5.2 How to Organize a Narrative：Narrative Structure 63

5.3 How to Maintain a Clear Narrative Sequence 64

5.4 How to Establish a Credible Narrator and Point of View 65

5.5 How to Tell a Compelling Story 66

Student Essay The Kiss 68

Samuel H.Scudder “Take This Fish and Look at It” 71

Edgar Allan Poe The Tell-Tale Heart 76

6.Sharing Images and Impressions：Describing 82

6.1 Using Objective and Subjective Description 83

6.2 Describing with Sensory Details 84

6.3 Describing with Figurative Language 88

6.4 Creating Physical Image and Character Image 89

6.5 Creating Images with Dialogue and Example 90

William Spooner Donald Will Someone Please Hiccup My Pat？ 92

Stephen Leacock My Discovery of England 96

7.Sharing Examples：Illustrating 105

7.1 Consider This Example 105

7.2 Illustrate a Point with Specific Examples 106

7.3 Illustrate a Point with Typical Examples 108

7.4 Use Both Types of Examples 109

John Leo No Books，Please； We’re Students 109

Samuel Johnson On the Art of Advertising 113

Stephen King Ever Et Raw Meat？ 116

8.Sharing Ideas： Informing 123

8.1 Topics for an Informative Essay 123

8.2 How to Plan for an Informational Essay 125

8.3 How to Organize an Informative Essay 127

8.4 How to Make an Essay（More） Informative 127

Student Essay Attaining Success in College 129

Sherry Sweetnam How to Organize Your Thoughts for Better Communication 133

Jeanine Barone Surprising Super Foods 139

第三部分 认识写作 149

9.Understanding Causes and Effects：Analyzing 149

9.1 Understanding Analytical Skills：A Hypothetical Scenario 149

9.2 Defining“Analysis” 151

9.3 Analyzing for Effects 152

9.4 Analyzing for Causes 154

9.5 Writing about Both Effects and Causes 158

Student Essay Study Habit Blues 159

Jason Vest， Warren Cohen，and Mike Tharp Road Rage 162

10.Understanding Similarities and Differences：Comparing and Contrasting 170

10.1 Comparing for Similarities 170

10.2 Contrast for Differences 173

10.3 Comparing and Contrasting for a Real Purpose 176

Joseph Brant Indian Civilization vs.White Civilization 177

Sydney Harris The Difference between Winners and Whiners 178

Lewis Carroll Feeding the Mind 179

Karen Heller Is He Husband Material or a Boyfriend Kind of Guy？ 185

11.Understanding Types：Classifying 193

11.1 How to Plan for a New Classification 194

11.2 How to Formulate Clear Categories 196

11.3 How to Use an Old Classification for a New Purpose 196

11.4 How to Organize a Classification Essay 197

Student Essay Cat Categories 198

Tom Bodett Dish Demeanor 201

Sigmund Freud Libidinal Types 205

Margot Mifflin The Ten Most Memorable Bores 210

12.Understanding Opinions：Arguing 216

12.1 The Need to Argue 216

12.2 How to Plan for an Argumentative Essay 217

12.3 How to Argue with a Credible Persona 219

12.4 How to Argue with Aristotle’s Three Appeals 220

12.5 How to Avoid Logic Fallacies when Arguing 223

Student Essay Let’s Drive Fifty-five 228

David Segal Excuuuse Me 231

Oliver Goldsmith National Prejudices 236

第四部分 探研写作 245

13.Exploring Literature 245

13.1 Understanding Literature 245

13.2 Two Methods of Literary Criticism： Explication and Analysis 247

13.3 Literary Forms：the Basics 248

13.4 What to Focus on When Analyzing a Novel 253

13.5 How to Organize an Essay on a Novel 261

Virginia Woolf What the Novelist Gives Us 263

D.H.Lawrence Why the Novel Matters 266

Mark Twain Extracts from Adam’s Diary 272

14.Exploring Research 283

14.1 Understanding Research 283

14.2 Conducting Empirical Research 284

14.3 Conducting Library and Internet Research 289

14.4 Writing the Research Paper 294

A Self-Testing Exercise on Source Use and MLA Documentation 304

Laura Holupka The Sun Also Rises： A Glimpse into the Life of Ernest Hemingway 306

Denise E.Macedo The Mysterious Love Life of Henry James 309

Jennifer Eriguel The Three Main Themes in Henry James’ Works 313

Answers and Explanations on the Self-Testing Exercise 317

Appendix 附录 320

Credits参考书目 322