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Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Current situation of energy source in China 1

1.2 Utilization of renewable energy resource 4

1.3 Traditional utility pattern of air through tunnel(hereafter referred to as“ATT”) 6

Chapter 2 Characteristic of Formation Temperature Change 9

2.1 Source of formation energy 9

2.1.1 Solar radiation energy 9

2.1.2 Biological heat 10

2.1.3 Geothermal resources 10

2.2 Thermo-physical property of formation soil 10

2.2.1 Heat conductivity coefficient λ 10

2.2.2 Specific heat cp 11

2.2.3 Thermal diffusivity α 11

2.3 Change rules of soil temperature inside formation 13

2.4 Numerical mathematical model for original soil temperature field 13

2.4.1 Dynamic model of shallow underground soil temperature distribution 14

2.4.2 Solve the shallow formation soil temperature distribution in application of Fourier Law 16

2.5 Characteristic analysis of formation temperature wave 18

2.5.1 Formation soil temperature attenuating property 18

2.5.2 Temperature wave delay 20

2.5.3 Calculation of original formation soil temperature at the same time 21

Chapter 3 Heat Transfer between Soil and Air in Tunnel 23

3.1 Analysis of tunnel wall heat conduction process 23

3.2 Introduction of coupling problem 25

3.3 Selection of turbulence model 29

3.4 Processing of near-wall region 30

3.5 Mathematical description of the model 31

3.6 Mesh generation of mathematical model 32

3.7 Definition of boundary conditions in GAMBIT and FLUENT 33

3.7.1 Settings for boundary conditions 33

3.7.2 Preliminary defining of the types of boundary conditions in the GAMBIT 36

3.7.3 Further defining the conditions of the mathematical model in FLUENT 36

Chapter 4 Process Analysis of Air through Tunnel in Summer 40

4.1 Determination of different parameters in simulation computation 40

4.1.1 Air outdoor meteorological parameters 40

4.1.2 Formation temperature 41

4.1.3 Tunnel masonry material 43

4.1.4 Convection heat transfer coefficient 43

4.2 Analog computation and analysis of all factors for air cooling through tunnel 44

4.2.1 Simulation computation and analysis for air cooling factors through tunnel under 44

4.2.2 Dynamic simulation computation and analysis of air temperature drop through tunnel 52

4.3 Tunnel cooling efficiency 66

4.3.1 Effect of tunnel length on tunnel cooling efficiency 67

4.3.2 Effect of tunnel buried depth on tunnel cooling efficiency 68

4.3.3 Effect of tunnel wind speed on tunnel cooling efficiency 70

4.3.4 Effect of tunnel structure size on tunnel cooling efficiency 71

4.3.5 Effect of different ventilation time on tunnel cooling efficiency 72

Chapter 5 State Change of Air through Tunnel in Winter 75

5.1 Introduction of mathematical model 75

5.1.1 Model zone setting 76

5.1.2 Air outdoor meteorological parameters 76

5.1.3 Formation temperature 78

5.1.4 Soil physical property parameters 79

5.1.5 Determination of convection heat transfer coefficient 80

5.2 Simulation results 81

5.3 Analog computation and analysis of all factors for air heating through tunnel 84

5.3.1 Simulation computation and analysis for air heating factors through tunnel under steady state 84

5.3.2 Dynamic simulation computation and analysis of air temperature drop through tunnel 94

5.4 Tunnel heating efficiency 105

5.4.1 Effect of tunnel length on tunnel heating efficiency 106

5.4.2 Effect of tunnel buried depth on tunnel heating efficiency 108

5.4.3 Effect of tunnel wind speed on tunnel heating efficiency 109

5.4.4 Effect of tunnel structure size on heating efficiency 110

Chapter 6 Air through Tunnel Experimental Study 112

6.1 Experimental object description 112

6.2 Experimental methods and apparatus 114

6.2.1 Conditions preparation before the experiment 114

6.2.2 Experimental methods and procedures 114

6.2.3 Experimental apparatus 116

6.3 Experimental error analysis 118

6.3.1 Experimental apparatus error analysis 119

6.3.2 Error analysis of experimental measurement 119

6.4 Experimental procedures and data processing 121

6.4.1 The experimental procedures and results of tunnel parameters measurement under original state 121

6.4.2 Experimental procedures and results of each measured parameters inside the tunnel under ventilation state 125

6.5 Comparative analysis of experimental results and theoretical calculation 131

Chapter 7 ASHP 136

7.1 Heat pump and its type 136

7.2 Air source heat pump(ASHP) 137

7.3 The characteristics of ASHP 140

7.4 The applicability of ASHP 143

Chapter 8 Air Source Heat Pump Based on Air through Tunnel 150

8.1 Air source heat pump based on air through tunnel 150

8.2 Introduction of ASHP experimental system based on air through tunnel 152

8.2.1 Work principle of ASHP system based on ATT 152

8.2.2 Experiment facility and test method 153

8.3 Experiment data and analysis of ASHP based on ATT 157

8.4 Frostless ASHP based on ATT 162

8.5 Application analysis of ASHP based on ATT 164

8.6 Innovation analysis of ASHP based on ATT 168

Annex 173

Annex 1 Surface Temperature,Temperature Wave Amplitude,and Maximum Depth of Frozen Ground of Main Cities in China 173

Annex 2 Calculating Parameter for Building Material Thermo Physical Characteristic 181