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Chapter 1 The Establishment and Law ofthe WTO 1

1.1 The Formation and Development of Multilateral Trading System 1

1.1.1 The GATT and its trade rounds 1

1.1.2 Trade rounds under the WTO 5

1.1.3 The differences between the WTO and GATT 12

1.2 The Law of the WTO 16

1.2.1 The WTO Agreement 16

1.2.2 Annexes to the WTO Agreement 18

1.2.3 Ministerial decision and declarations 31

Chapter 2 The Objectives,Functions and Principles of the WTO 33

2.1 The Objectives and Functions of the WTO 33

2.1.1 Objectives 33

2.1.2 Functions 34

2.2 The Principles of the WTO 37

2.2.1 Trade without discrimination 37

2.2.2 Freer trade 40

2.2.3 Predictability 40

2.2.4 Promoting fair competition 41

2.2.5 Encouraging development and economic reform 42

Chapter 3 The Structure and Decision-making of the WTO 47

3.1 The WTO Structure 47

3.1.1 Ministerial Conference and General Council 47

3.1.2 Other bodies of the WTO 50

3.1.3 Director-General and Secretariat 53

3.2Decision-making 55

3.2.1 Decision-making by consensus 55

3.2.2 Decision-making by reverse consensus 56

3.2.3 Decision-making by voting 58

Chapter 4 Tariff Concession 63

4.1 The Contents of Tariff Concession 63

4.1.1 Definition of tariff concession 63

4.1.2 Tariff concession in the GATT 1994 67

4.2 Tariff Concession Negotiation 69

4.2.1 The cause of tariff concession 70

4.2.2 Basic principles and rules governing tariff concession 71

4.2.3 Organization of tariff negotiation 73

4.3 The Schedules of Tariff Concessions 77

4.3.1 The principle of the schedules of taftff concessions 78

4.3.2 The modification or withdrawal of schedules 79

4.3.3 The renegotiations under the GATT article ⅩⅩⅧ 81

Chapter 5 The General Agreement on Trade in Services 87

5.1 The Achievement of the GATS and Its Framework 87

5.1.1 The GATS and trade negotiations in services 87

5.1.2 Basic purpose and framework of the GATS 89

5.1.3 Scope and application of the GATS 90

5.1.4 Definition of trade in services and modes of supply 91

5.1.5 Basic structure of the GATS 93

5.1.6 The schedules of specific commitments 99

5.2 The Basic Obligations under the GATS 99

5.2.1 Most-favored-nation Treatment 99

5.2.2 General transparency obligations 102

5.3 The Specific Commitments 106

5.3.1 Conditional granting of market access 107

5.3.2 Conditional granting of National Treatment 110

5.4 The Exceptions under the GATS 112

5.4.1 General exceptions and security exceptions 112

5.4.2 Emergency safeguard measures 115

5.4.3 Safeguarding the balance of payments 115

5.4.4 The government procurement 116

5.4.5 Economic integration agreements 116

5.5 Service Trade Dispute Settlement 117

5.5.1 Consultation 117

5.5.2 DSB settlement 117

5.5.3 The dispute settlement procedure 118

5.5.4 Settlement ofdisputes on the modification of schedules 119

Chapter 6 The Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 123

6.1 The Intellectual Property Rights and the Founding Process of the TRIPS 123

6.1.1 Copyright and rights related to copyright 125

6.1.2 Industrial property 125

6.1.3 The founding process of the TRIPS 126

6.2 The Contents of the TRIPS 128

6.2.1 Introduction and basic principles 128

6.2.2 Standards concerning the availability,scope and use of intellectual property rights 132

6.2.3 Other contents of the Agreement 139

Appendix 1 Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 143

Appendix 2 Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 155

Appendix 3 Important Words and Expressions 181

References 184