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1 Introduction to Materials 1

1.1 Materials and Material Science 1

1.1.1 How Is a Material Defined？ 1

1.1.2 The Three Classes of Materials 1

1.1.3 Materials Properties 3

1.1.4 Use of Materials 4

1.1.5 Materials Science 4

1.2 Types of Materials 10

1.2.1 Metal 10

1.2.2 Ceramics and Glasses 10

1.2.3 Polymers 11

1.2.4 Composites 12

1.3 Structural Characteristic of Materials 16

1.3.1 Crystal Lattice 17

1.3.2 Crystallographic Indices 19

1.3.3 Anisotropy 20

1.4 Structure-property-processing Relationship 26

1.4.1 Properties 26

1.4.2 Structure 28

1.4.3 Processing 29

1.4.4 Structure-property-processing Interaction 29

Questions and Problems 33

References 34

2 Metallic Materials 35

2.1 Metals 35

2.2 Ferrous Metals 35

2.2.1 Ferrous Metals Group 35

2.2.2 Production ofIron 36

2.2.3 Production of Steel 37

2.2.4 Cast Iron Alloys 38

2.2.5 Steels 40

2.3 Nonferrous Metals 51

2.3.1 Introduction 51

2.3.2 Nonferrous Metals in Common Use 51

2.3.3 Titanium,Nickel,and Cobalt 57

2.3.4 Other Nonferrous Metals 59

2.4 The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Metals 64

2.4.1 Mechanical Properties 64

2.4.2 Metals at Low Temperatures 66

2.4.3 Physical Properties 66

2.5 The Crystal Structure of Metals 68

2.5.1 Bonding of Metals 68

2.5.2 Metals and Nonmetals 68

2.5.3 Crystalline Unit Structures 68

2.6 Corrosion 71

Questions and Problems 73

References 74

3 Ceramic Materials 75

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Nature of Ceramics 82

3.2.1 Porosity and Density 83

3.2.2 Structure of Ceramics 85

3.2.3 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 86

3.3 Ceramic Processing 90

3.3.1 Traditional Processing 90

3.3.2 Advanced Ceramic Processing 95

3.4 Properties of Ceramics 106

3.4.1 Mechanical Properties 107

3.4.2 Physical Properties 109

3.4.3 Chemical Properties 109

3.4.4 Fabricability 110

3.4.5 Other Properties 111

3.4.6 Designing Ceramics 114

3.5 Applications of Ceramics 121

Questions and Problems 127

References 128

4 The Glass Sciences 129

4.1 The World of Glasses 129

4.1.1 Natural Glasses 129

4.1.2 Glass in Modem Times 129

4.1.3 Different Types of Glasses 131

4.2 Preparation Technologies of Glasses 136

4.2.1 Preparation of Glasses 136

4.2.2 Microwave Heating in Glass Preparation 137

4.2.3 Sol-gel Process 138

4.2.4 Chemical Nature of Glass Forming Materials 138

4.2.5 Structural Approach to Glass Formation 139

4.3 Structures and Properties of Glasses 141

4.3.1 Continuous Random Network Model 142

4.3.2 Random Close Packing Model 143

4.3.3 Bonding Theories 143

4.3.4 Kinetic Criteria for Glass Formation 144

4.3.5 Thermal Behaviour of Glasses 144

4.3.6 Physical Properties 146

4.3.7 Optical Properties 147

4.3.8 Chemical Stability 147

4.3.9 Electrical Nature of Glass 149

4.4 Applications of Glasses 155

4.4.1 Glass Products 156

4.4.2 Architectural Glass 156

4.4.3 Anti-solar Glass 157

4.4.4 Zero-expansion Transparent Glass Ceramics 157

4.4.5 Glass for Active-matrix Liquid-crystal Display Panels 157

4.4.6 Fibre Optics 158

4.4.7 Fine Particulates and Nano-glasses 159

4.5 Recent Topics of Optoelectronics Materials 162

4.5.1 Blue and Green Light Sources 163

4.5.2 Optical Switches 164

4.5.3 Optical Fibers 164

Questions and Problems 168

5 Cement and Concrete Materials 169

5.1 Portland Cement and Its Major Constituent Phases 169

5.1.1 Portland Cement General 169

5.1.2 Types ofPortland Cement 170

5.1.3 Cement Chemical Nomenclature and Other Abbreviations 171

5.2 Getting Acquainted with Concrete 176

5.2.1 Properties Desired in Fresh or Plastic Concrete 177

5.2.2 Properties Desired in Hardened Concrete 177

5.2.3 Properties ofConcrete 178

5.2.4 Variables That Influence Concrete Quality 178

5.2.5 Consumer Product Safety 179

5.3 Concrete:Strength and Behavior 183

5.3.1 Introduction 183

5.3.2 Uniaxial Behavior 183

5.3.3 Tension Strength 185

5.4 Uses of Concrete 190

5.4.1 Reinforced Concrete 190

5.4.2 Prestressed Concrete 191

5.4.3 Precast Concrete 191

5.4.4 Lightweight Concrete 192

5.4.5 Thin Shell 192

5.4.6 Shotclete 193

5.4.7 Construction with Prefabricated Concrete Units 194

5.5 New Type of Cement-based Materials 199

5.5.1 General 199

5.5.2 DSP Concretes 200

5.5.3 MDF Cements 200

Questions and Problems 202

References 202

6 Polymer Materials 203

6.1 Polymer and Nomenclature 203

6.1.1 Nomenclature Based on Source 203

6.1.2 Nomenclature Based on Structure(Non-IUPAC) 204

6.1.3 IUPAC Structure-based Nomenclature System 204

6.1.4 Trade Names and Nonnames 205

6.2 Polymer Synthesis 211

6.3 Structure-property Relations 219

6.3.1 General consideration 219

6.3.2 Control of Tm and Tg 220

6.3.3 Relation between Tm and Tg 223

6.4 Mechanical Properties of Elastomers,Fibers,and Plastics 227

6.4.1 Mechanical Proporties 227

6.4.2 Elastomers,Fibers,and Plastics 229

6.5 Polymeric Biomaterials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration 234

Questions and Problems 239

References 239

7 Composite Materials 241

7.1 An Overview of Composites 241

7.1.1 Introduction 241

7.1.2 Definition ofComposites 242

7.1.3 Materials ofConstruction 243

7.2 Surface Treatment of Reinforcing Materials 249

7.2.1 Cost Factor 249

7.2.2 Chemistry ofSurface Treatment and Interfacial Structure 249

7.3 Mechanical Property of Polymeric Composite 258

7.3.1 Introduction 258

7.3.2 Polymer Marx Composites 258

7.4 Smart Structural Composites 264

7.4.1 Cement-matrix Composites 265

7.4.2 Polymer-marx Composites 268

7.5 Framework for Nanocomposites 275

Questions and Problems 282

References 283