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Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1．The Origins and Development of the Subject 1

2．The Reasons for Choosing the Subject:Its Significance and Relevance 4

3．Definition of Terms and Scope of Study 7

3.1 Definition of Terms 7

3.2 Scope of Study 12

4．Literature Review 14

5．What Is New and Difierent in This Research 25

5.1 Thesis of the Book 25

5.2 Thesis Contribution and Limitation 26

6．Theory—Foreign Policy Decision-Making Models 28

6.1 The Rational Actor Model 29

6.2 The Bureaucratic Politics Model 31

6.3 The Organization Process Model 32

6.4 Congressional Approach:Theories of Congressional Behavior 34

6.5 The Political Process Model 37

6.6 The Inter-Branch Politics Model 39

7．Methodology 40

8．Layout of the Book 41

Chapter 2 Constitutional and Legal Framework of War Power and the Struggle over Interpretation 43

1．Constitutional Framework 43

1.1 Constitutional Allocation of War Power 43

1.2 The Intent of the Framers 47

1.3 Why and How the Struggles Arise 56

2．International Treaties 60

2.1 UN Charter and UN Participation Act 60

2.2 Mutual-Defense Treaties 66

3．The War Powers Resolution 74

3.1 Major Provisions 74

3.2 Presidential Compliance and Non-Compliance 77

4．The Attitude of the Judiciary 78

Chapter 3 Early Practice till the Beginning of WWII:from Congressional Dominance to Presidential Initiative 84

1．Framers'War Power Practice:Congressional Dominance(from George Washington to James Monroe) 85

2．War Power in Evolution(Post-Monroe 19th century) 97

3．Presidential Initiatives and Congressional Acquiescence(from 1900 to WWII) 109

3.1 Presidential Initiatives and Congressional Acquiescence:Interventions in Latin America 113

3.2 Formal Assertion of Presidential War Power yet Respect for Congress:Woodrow Wilson and WWI 119

3.3 Bypassing Congress:Roosevelt and WWII 124

Chapter 4 From Korea to the War Powers Resolution:From Presidential Expansion to Congressional Reassertion 136

1．The Korean War:Congress Ignored 141

2．The Blank-Check Resolutions:All"According to His Best Judgment" 156

2.1 The Taiwan Resolution 157

2.2 The Middle East Resolution 161

2.3 The Cuba Resolution 165

2.4 The Tonkin Gulf Resolution 169

3．The Vietnam War:from Congressional Deference to Congressional Resurgence 176

4．The War Powers Resolution:to Check Presidential War Power 195

Chapter 5 War Power Struggle after the War Powers Resolution:Presidential Dominance Largely Unchecked 204

1．Presidential Unilateral Decisions:Consultation as Notification or No Consultation at All 205

1.1 The Mayaguez Recapture 206

1.2 Iran Hostage Rescue Attempt 211

1.3 Air Strikes against Libya 215

1.4 The Invasion of Panama 218

1.5 Air Strikes against Baghdad 221

2．Congressional Attempts to Enforce the War Powers Resolution:More Failures than Successes 223

2.1 Lebanon 224

2.2 The Invasion of Grenada 231

2.3 Persian Gulf Operations against Iran 234

3．Unilateral Presidential Decisions with UN or NATO Sanction but Not Congressional Approval 242

3.1 Somalia 245

3.2 Haiti 253

3.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 262

3.4 Kosovo 275

4．Congressional Support but Not Approval 288

4.1 The Persian Gulf War 289

4.2 The Afghanistan War 304

4.3 The Iraq War 312

5．Presidential Compliance and Non-Compliance:a Summary 322

Chapter 6 Conclusion 327

1．The Expansion of Presidential War Power:Phases,Causes,and Means 327

2．The Patterns of Interplay in War Decision-Making and the Relevant Vairables 338

3．The Nature and Future ofWar Power Struggle 345

Appendix The War Powers Resolution 353

Bibliography 362