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Chapter One Critical thinking and argumentation 1

1.0 Orientation 1

1.1 What do we mean by"critical" ? 4

1.2 Theories 6

1.2.1 Stephen Toulmin's theory 6

1.2.2 Carl Rogers' theory 10

Critical thinking activities 12

Writing tasks 17

Chapter Two Basic concepts of argumentation 20

2.0 Orientation 20

2.1 Defining argumentation and argument 22

2.2 Argumentation and communication 27

2.3 Argumentation and persuasion 30

2.4 Argumentation and explanation 32

2.5 Work ethic for argumentation 33

Critical thinking activities 36

Writing tasks 39

Chapter Three Definition and its functions 45

3.0 Orientation 45

3.1 Defining definition 46

3.2 Definition and reality 48

3.3 Definition and point of departure 52

3.4 Definition and thoughtscollecting 55

3.5 Definition and structuring 56

3.6 Definition and audience 58

3.7 Working definitions 59

Critical thinking activities 60

Writing tasks 66

Chapter Four Basics of definition 69

4.0 Orientation 69

4.1 How to start a definition? 70

4.2 The basic structure of a definition 72

4.2.1 First-level definition 72

4.2.2 Common ways of first-level defining 75

4.3 Second-level elaboration 86

Critical thinking activities 88

Writing tasks 89

Chapter Five Basics of claims 92

5.0 Orientation 92

5.1 The nature of a claim 93

5.2 Functions of a claim 96

5.3 The structure of a claim 100

Critical thinking activities 106

Writing tasks 108

Chapter Six Claims of fact 111

6.0 Orientation 111

6.1 Defining a claim of fact 112

6.2 Presenting facts in a claim of fact 114

6.3 Relativity of certainty in a claim of fact 116

6.4 Supporting a claim of fact 117

6.5 Challenging a claim of fact 123

6.6 A case study 129

Critical thinking activities 133

Writing tasks 136

Chapter Seven Claims of value 140

7.0 Orientation 140

7.1 Defining a claim of value 141

7.2 Supporting a claim of value 145

7.3 Challenging a claim of value 155

Critical thinking activities 165

Writing tasks 168

Chapter Eight Claims of policy 171

8.1 Defining a claim of policy 171

8.2 Establishing a problem 171

8.3 Matching the problem with the course of action 176

Critical thinking activities 178

Writing tasks 179

Chapter Nine Warrant 185

9.0 Orientation 185

9.1 Defining warrant 187

9.2 Warrant andits strength of validation 189

9.3 Types of warrants 194

Critical thinking activities 198

Writing tasks 201

Chapter Ten Support 208

10.0 Orientation 208

10.1 Defining support 210

10.2 Evidential support 211

10.3 Motivational support 218

10.4 Measuring the strength of support 220

Critical thinking activities 227

Writing tasks 229

Chapter Eleven Quoting 234

11.0 Orientation 234

11.1 Quoting for a purpose 234

11.2 Factors that constrain quoting 236

11.3 Ways of quoting 241

Writing tasks 245

Chapter Twelve Concluding remarks 250

12.1 Critical reading 250

12.2 Basics of a critical approach 251

Critical thinking activities 252

Appendix 1 Worksheets 254

Appendix 2 A sample task for the final examination 258

Appendix 3 Clues to the writing tasks 261

Main References 273