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POLYMER STRUCTURES AND SYNTHESIS METHODS 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Chain Structures in Natural and Synthetic Polymers 1

The Nature of Polymeric Materials 1

The Composition of Polymeric Materials 3

Molecular Weight and Its Distribution 11

Polymer Chain Configurations 12

Polymer Chain Conformations 14

Polymer Solid-State Structure,Morphology,and Transitions 15

Polymer Surface Structure 18

1.3 Polymer Synthesis 20

Chain Reaction Polymerization 21

Coordination Polymerization 24

Step Reaction Polymerization 25

1.4 Summary 26

POLYMER FABRICATION TECHNIQUES 28

2.1 Introduction 28

2.2 Processing Techniques 29

Foam Processing 31

Film-Forming Processes 31

Composites 32

Extrusion 34

Molding 35

Coatings 36

Other Methods 37

2.3 Applications 37

Development of Spray-On Insulation for the Thermal Protection System of the External Tank in the Space Shuttle Program 37

Development of Thick,Thin,and Ultrathin Polyimide Films 40

Langmuir-Blodgett(L-B)Films 47

Polymer Composites 49

Molding Processes 55

Fiber Drawing and Surface Modification Processes 56

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF POLYMERS 65

3.1 Introduction 65

3.2 Chemical Composition:Questions to Ask 66

3.3 Techniques for Determination of Chemical Composition:What to Use to Ask the Questions 67

3.4 Illustrative Examples of Characterization of Chemical Composition of Polymers 72

Stoichiometry 72

Functionality 73

Phase Separation 80

Surface Modification 81

Interfacial Chemical Composition 83

Impurities 83

3.5 Summary:New Horizons 86

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF POLYMER SURFACES,INTERFACES,AND THIN FILMS BY MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES 92

4.1 Overview of Polymer Interfaces and Thin Films 92

4.2 Introduction to Microscopy Techniques 93

4.3 Optical Microscopy 94

4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 98

Low-Voltage High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy 100

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy 104

4.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy 106

4.6 Scanning Probe Microscopy 111

4.7 New Microscopies 116

STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF INTERFACES AND THIN FILMS BY SCATTERING TECHNIQUES 121

5.1 Introduction 121

5.2 Industrial Applications 122

Adhesion 122

Biomedical Applications 124

Langmuir-Blodgett Films and Other Thin Films 125

5.3 Integrated Optics Method 127

Wave-Guiding 127

Nonlinear Optical Method 130

5.4 Reflectivity 136

5.5 Grazing Incidence X-Ray Scattering 139

SURFACE THERMODYNAMICS 150

6.1 Introduction 150

6.2 Theory of Wetting,Spreading,and Adhesion 151

6.3 Experimental Methods 154

Contact Angles 154

Adsorption and Calorimetry 157

Inverse Gas Chromatography 162

Infrared(FTIR)Spectroscopy 164

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS 169

7.1 Introduction 169

7.2 Wet-Chemical Modification of Polymer Surfaces 171

Surface Roughening and Seeding in Placing Operations 171

Surface Treatment for Bondability 173

Surface Treatment Using Adhesion Promoters 175

Surface Modification by Photochemical Methods 177

7.3 Dry Modification Techniques 179

Modification by High-and Low-Energy Ion Beams 179

Plasma Modification of Polymer Surfaces 187

Other Dry Treatment Techniques 191

7.4 Summary 192

ADHESION 198

8.1 Introduction 198

8.2 Physical Meaning of Adhesion 200

8.3 Theoretical Analysis of Adhesion 200

8.4 Experimental Measurement of Adhesion 203

8.5 Standardization of Test Procedure 205

8.6 Locus of Failure 205

8.7 Key Adhesion Issues 207

8.8 Illustrative Examples 208

8.9 Summary 209

CHEMISTRY,REACTIVITY,AND FRACTURE OF POLYMER INTERFACES 215

9.1 Introduction 215

9.2 Polyimide Structure and Properties 218

9.3 Polymer-Polymer Interfaces 222

9.4 Metal-Polymer Interfaces 224

9.5 Polymer-Metal Interfaces 230

9.6 Thermal Stress and Interfacial Fracture 234

THE POLYMER-POLYMER INTERFACE 244

10.1 Introduction 244

10.2 Techniques for Measuring Diffusion Distances Much Greater Than Molecular Size 247

10.3 Techniques for Measuring Concentration Profiles on the Order of Molecular Size 252

10.4 Summary 259

FRICTION AND WEAR(TRIBOLOGY) 262

11.1 Introduction 262

11.2 Basic Concepts 263

11.3 Tribological Applications 264

11.4 Mechanisms of Friction and Wear 265

Friction 266

Wear 268

11.5 Correlation of Properties with Friction and Wear 269

Energy-to-Rupture and Abrasive Wear 269

Cohesive Energy and Abrasive Wear 271

Ratio of Applied Stress to Failure Strength and Wear 271

Molecular Weight and Wear 271

Crystallinity and Wear 273

Loss Tangent and Friction 273

Closure 274

11.6 Measurement of Friction and Wear 274

ASTM Laboratory Tests 276

Designing Laboratory Tests 284

11.7 Reporting and Interpretation of Measurements 291

11.8 Summary 293

REFERENCES FOR FUTURE STUDY 295

Index 311