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CHAPTERR 1-A TOUR OF THE WORLD 1

1-1 WHAT IS MACROECONOMICS? 1

PART ONE-INTRODUCTION 1

The Simplifications of Macroeconomics 3

1· Why Macroeconomists Sometimes Disagree 3

1-2 LOOKING AT THE WORLD 4

The United States 4

The European Union 8

Japan 11

GATHERJNG MACRO DATA 15

1-3 LOOKING AHEAD 16

CHAPTER 2-A TOUR OF THE BOOK 19

2-1 AGGREGATE OUTPUT 19

GDR,Value Added, and Income 20

Nominal and Real GDP 22

REAL GDR TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS, AND THE PRICE OF CONPUTERS 25

The Unemployment Rate 26

2-2 THE OTHER MAJOR MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES 26

DOES SPAIN REALLY HAVE A 23% UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 28

The Infiation Rate 29

Budget Deficits and Trade Deficits 34

2-3 A ROAD MAP 34

PART TWO-THE BASICS 40

CHAPTER3-THE GOODS MARKET 40

3-1 THE COMPOSlTlON OF GDP 40

3-2 THE DETERMINATION OF DEMAND 43

Consumption (C) 44

Investment (I) 45

Government Spending (G) 46

3-3 THE DETERMATION OFEQUILIBRIUM OUTPUT 46

The Algebra 47·A Graph 48·In Words 50

CONSUHER CONFIDENCE AND THE 1990-1991 RECESSION 51

3-4 INESTMENT EQUALS SAVING: AN ALTERNATIVE WAY OF THINKING ABOUT GOODS-MARKET EQUILIBRIUM 52

3-5 THE PARADOX OF SAVING 54

3-6 IS THE GOVERNMENT REALLY OMNIPOTENT? A WARNING 55

CHAPTER 4-THE GOODS MARKET DYNAMICS 58

4-1 PRODUCTION,SALES,AND IWENTORY INVESTMENT 58

Dividing Time 59

Production and Sales 59

Equilibrium in the Goods Market Revisited 60

The Dynamic Effects of an Increase in Government Spending 61

Using a Graph 63

4-2 GOING EMPIRICAL 65

Estimating the Marginal Propensity to Consume 65

Allowing for Lags 68

A GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING ECONOMETRIC RESULTS 69

Correlation Versus Causality 69

4-3 SIMUWING THE ESTIMATEDMODEL 72

5-1 MONEY VERSUS BONDS 77

4-4 CONCLUSIONSCHAPTER 5-FINANCIAL MARKETS 77

SEHANT1C TRAPS:MONEY,INCOME,AND WEALTH 78

The Basic Choice 79

The Demand forMoney 80

The Demand for Bonds 81

. Money Demand and the Interest Rate： The Evidence 82

5-2 THE DETERMINATION OF THE INTEREST RATE:Ⅰ 84

Money Demand, Money Supply, and the Equilibrium Interest Rate 85

MonetaryPolicy and Open Market Operations 87

5-3 THE DETERMINATION OF THEINTEREST RATE:Ⅱ 090The Role of Banks 90

Monetary Policy and the Interest Rate 90

BANK RUNS 92

The Effects of an Open Market Operation 95