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CHAPTER ONE:START TO WRITE 1

Ⅰ.Outline-the Organization of Your Composition 1

E.Sentence Outline 1

A.Scratch Outline 2

F.Writing Abstract or Summary form Outline 3

C.Developing Outline from Reading 4

D.Writing Outline Systematically and Orderly 8

Ⅱ.Coordination and Grmmatical Uniformity 9

A.Coordination 9

B.Grammatical Uniformity 20

CHAPTETER TOW :SENTENCE STRUCTURE,PATTERN,VARIETY,TRANSFORMATION,EXPANSION AND COMBINATION 23

Ⅰ.Basic Sentence Structure 23

A.Subject 23

C.Complete Thought 24

B.Predicate 24

D.Tow Basic Sentence Patterns 25

E.Phrases 26

F.Clauses 28

ⅡPatterns of Sentences 32

A.simple Sentences 32

B.Compound Sentences 32

C.Complex Sentences 33

B.Topic outline 36

D.Compound-Complex Sentences 36

Ⅲ.Variety 38

Ⅳ.Transformation of Sentences 43

A.Conversion of Simple sentences to Compound Sentences 43

B.Conversion of Compound sentences to Simple Sentences 44

C.Conversion of Simple sentences to Compiex Sentences 46

D.Conversion of Complex sentences to Simple Sentences 47

E.Conversion of Compound sentences to Complex Sentences 49

F.Conversion of Simple sentences to Compound Sentences 50

Ⅴ.Expansion of Sentences 52

A,Expand Parts of a Sentence 52

B.Expanaion by Clauses 52

Ⅵ.Vombination of Sentences 55

A.Coordination 55

B.Subordination 55

C.Appositives 56

D.Participles 56

E.Absolutes 56

F.Series 56

G.Periodic Sentence 57

H.Cumulatve Structure 57

A.Unity in Sentences 65

B.Coherence in Sentences 65

CHAPTER THREE :WRITING STYLE AND PROBLEMS 65

Ⅰ.Writing Style 65

C.Power 66

Ⅱ.Problems in Sentences 69

A.Subject and Verb Agreement 69

B.Pronoun-refernce 71

C.Shifs in Points of View 71

D.Comma Splice 72

E.Fused or Run -on Sentences 72

F.Sentence Fragments 73

G.Modifiers 73

H.Parallel Construction 74

D.Wrong Words 81

C.Redundancy 81

B.Roundabout Sentences 81

Ⅰ.Using Percise Words 81

CHAPTER FOUR:WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS 81

A.Unnecessary Words and Phrases 81

E.Wear Words 82

G.Unnecessary Use of Prouns 82

H.Unnecessary Expressions 82

Ⅱ.Keeping Your Language Fresh and to Avoid Cliches 83

Ⅲ.Discard Jargon 85

Ⅳ.Wordiness 88

Ⅴ.Redundancy 89

Ⅵ.Acquiting New Words and Expressive Phrases 90

CHAPTER FIVE :PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS 101

Ⅰ.Prepositions 101

A.Simple Prepositions 101

C.Compound Preposions and Idionmatic Prepositions 104

B.Participal Prepositions 104

Ⅱ.Phrasal Verbs 108

SHAPTER SIX:PARAGRAPH 124

Ⅰ.Topic Sentence and Main Idea 125

Ⅱ.Position of Topic Sentences 129

A.At the Brginning of Paragraph 129

B.In the Middle of Paragraph 130

C.At the Emd of Paragraph 130

D.With no9 Topic Sentence 131

E.In the Last Line of Previous Paragraph 131

F.For Tow or Three Paragraph 131

G.Paragraph Composed of a Single Topic Sentence 132

Ⅲ.Topic Sentence and Pattern of Paragraph Development 132

Ⅳ.Paragraph Unity and Order of Sentences 134

A.Time Order 140

C.General-to-Specific Order 143

B.Space Orser 143

D.Specific-to-General Ouder 144

E.Order of Climax 146

Ⅴ.Coherence 147

A.Order 148

B.Transition 150

Ⅵ.Compelteness 156

Ⅶ.Three Types of Paragraphs 157

A.Introductory Pargraph 158

B.Transitional Paragraph 160

C.Concluding Paragraph 161

Ⅷ.Patten of Development 162

A.Definition 162

B.Classification 163

C.Example and Illustration 164

E.Details 165

D.Process 165

F.Narrative and Descriptive 166

G.Cause and Effect 166

H.Spatial Order 167

I.Comparision and Contrast 168

J.Chronlogical Order 169

K.Argumentation 170

Ⅸ.Paragraph Expansion 172

A.Three -Paragraph Expansion 172

B.Five-Paragraph Expansion 173

C.Examples 175

D.Model Essay Expanded from Single Paragraph 179

APPENDIX 182

Ⅰ.More Adjectives in Context 182

Ⅱ.Words and Phrases from Time and Newsweek Magazines 185

Ⅲ.Writing Test Samples from TOEFL 189