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Chapter One Language and Culture:An Introduction 1

Ⅰ．Language 1

1．What is language? 2

2．Characteristics of language 2

Ⅱ．Culture 4

1．What is culture? 4

2．Characteristics of culture 5

3．Relationship between language and culture 7

Ⅲ．Thought 9

1．What is thought? 9

2．Relationship between language and thought 9

Ⅳ．Language,Culture and Thought 11

Words and Expressions 11

Topics for Discussion 13

Chapter Two Word Meaning and Culture 14

Ⅰ．Word Meaning 14

Ⅱ．Word Meaning and Culture 16

1．Words with basically the same cultural meanings 16

2．Words with partially equivalent cultural meanings 18

3．Words with greatly different cultural meanings 25

4．Words with completely different cultural meanings 30

5．Words with cultural meanings absent in the other 35

Ⅲ．Summary 42

Words and Expressions 44

Topics for Discussion 47

Chapter Three Grammar and Culture 50

Ⅰ．Grammatical Explicitness of English and Grammatical Implicitness of Chinese 50

1．Grammatical morphemes 51

2．Subject prominence and topic prominence 57

3．Hypotactic relations vs paratactic relations 61

4．Grammatical explicitness vs grammatical implicitness and culture 62

Ⅱ．Word Order 63

1．Left branching pattern and right branching pattern 63

2．Pre-modification and post-modification 65

3．The order of the date,name of the units and the address,etc. 69

4．The order of interrogative sentences 70

5．Word order and culture 72

Ⅲ．Responses to Negative Questions 74

Ⅳ．Tables of Grammatical Terms 76

Words and Expressions 77

Topics for Discussion 77

Chapter Four Text and Culture 79

Ⅰ．A General Introduction 79

1．What is a text? 79

2．Culture in texts 79

Ⅱ．Textual Connectives 80

1．Cohesion and coherence 80

2．Hypotactic and paratactic 84

3．Textual connectives in four main categories of logical relationships between ad-joining sentences 86

Ⅲ．Text Structures 91

1．Deductive structure vs inductive Structure 92

2．Linear structure vs circular Structure 96

Ⅳ．Styles 100

1．Writing styles 100

2．Speaking styles 102

Ⅴ．Summary 105

Words and Expressions 106

Topics for Discussion 107

Chapter Five Simile,Metaphor and Culture 108

Ⅰ．General Remarks 108

Ⅱ．Cultural-alike Associations 109

Ⅲ．Cultural Distinct Association 110

Ⅳ．Summary 115

Words and Expressions 116

Topics for Discussion 116

Chapter Six Cultural Differences in Everyday Conversation 118

Ⅰ．Vocatives and Culture 118

1．Names 118

2．Standard appellatives 123

Ⅱ．Greetings and Farewells 123

1．Greetings 123

2．Farewells 124

Ⅲ．How to Make Introductions 125

Ⅳ．Compliments and Responses 126

Ⅴ．Different Verbal Conventions in Phone Calls 129

Ⅵ．Thanks and Replies 130

Ⅶ．Apologies and Replies 132

Ⅷ．Invitations and Replies 132

Ⅸ．Gift-giving and Responses 133

Ⅹ．Summary 134

Words and Expressions 135

Topics for Discussion 136

Chapter Seven Culture and Image Transfer 137

Ⅰ．Introduction 137

Ⅱ．Methods of Image Transfer 138

1．Image reproduction 138

2．Image substitution 140

3．Image omission 141

Ⅲ．Summary 143

Words and Expressions 144

Topics for Discussion 144

Chapter Eight Culture in English Study 145

Ⅰ．The Importance of Culture Learning in English Study 145

Ⅱ．How to Learn Culture During English Study 146

1．To eradicate two false ideas about English study 147

2．To cultivate"cultural creativity" 148

3．How to learn culture in a macroscopic way in English study 150

4．How to learn a culture in a microcosmic way 152

Ⅲ．Cultural Linguistics 154

Words and Expressions 154

Topics for Discussion 157

Bibliography 158