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Chapter 1 China—Country Profile 1

Geography and Demographics 1

Contemporary Society and Culture 2

Administrative System 5

The Provinces 6

Chapter 2 The Chinese Education System—History 8

Introduction 8

Educational Legacies and Values 8

History and Evolution 10

Ancient and Imperial Era(1100BC-1840AD) 11

Modern Era(1840-1948) 13

Post-revolution Era(1949-1966) 16

"Cultural Revolution"Era(1967-1978) 19

New Era(1978-present day) 20

Chapter 3 The Contemporary Chinese Higher Education System 24

Introduction 24

Overall Structure of the National Eduction System 26

Educational Standards 26

National HEIs and Local HEIs 30

Universities,Colleges,and Vocational Colleges 31

The"211"and"985"Projects 31

Financing and Tuition Fees 32

Governance of Higher Education in China 35

Administration 35

Admission Policies and Procedures 39

Enrollment Quotas—The Jihua 41

Pathways to Enrollment 42

Quality Assurance 47

The Private and Independent Sectors 49

Private Institutions 50

Independent Colleges 52

Chapter A Data and Analysis:Students and Education 55

Indicator A1 Students 55

Chart A1.1 Number of Students Enrolled in Tertiary Education,1988-2008 55

Chart A1.2 Number of Putong Undergraduate Students,1949-2008 57

Chart A1.3 Numbers of Zhuanke and Benke Undergraduate Students,1988-2008 59

Chart A1.4 Number of Putong Undergraduate Students(Zhuanke vs Benke),1988-2008 60

Chart A1.5 Proportion of Postgraduate Students in Tertiary Education,1988-2008 61

Chart A1.6 Number of Adult Undergraduate Students,2002-2008 62

Chart A1.7 Proportion of Foreign Students in Tertiary Education,2005-2008 63

Chart A1.8 Origin of Foreign Students Enrolled in Tertiary Education,2008 64

Chart A1.9 Sources of Financial Support of Foreign Students,2008 65

Chart A1.10 Participation Rate at All Education Levels,1990-2008 66

Chart A1.11 Distribution of Students across All Types of Programs,2008 68

Indicator A2 Institutional Diversification 69

Chart A2.1 Proportion of Students Enrolled in Open Courses,2005-2008 69

Chart A2.2 Proportion of Putong Undergraduate Students Enrolled in Non-public Institutions,2004-2008 70

Chart A2.3 Student Composition of Independent and Private Institutions,2008 71

Indicator A3 Financing 72

Chart A3.1 Total per Student Spending on Tertiary Education,2005-2007 72

Chart A3.2 Total per Student Spending on Tertiary Education by Type of Institution,2007 73

Chart A3.3 Tuition Fees Compared to Median Income,2008 74

Indicator A4 Faculty 76

Chart A4.1 Size of Faculty,2002-2008 76

Chart A4.2 Proportion of Faculty with a PhD,2004-2008 77

Chart A4.3 Proportion of Female Faculty,2003-2008 78

Chart A4.4 Proportion of Female Faculty by Rank,2008 79

Chart A4.5 Number of Foreign Teachers,2004-2008 80

Indicator A5 Access 81

Chart A5.1 Proportion of Female Students in Tertiary Education,1997-2008 81

Chart A5.2 Proportion of Female Students by Study Level,2008 82

Chart A5.3 Socio-economic Patterns of Students(Based on Father's Occupation),2005 83

Indicator A6 Regional Balance 85

Chart A6.1 Number of Students in Tertiary Education by Province,2008 85

Chart A6.2 Growth of Annual Undergraduate Student Enrollment by Province,1998-2008 87

Chart A6.3 Growth of Annual Postgraduate Student Enrollment by Province,2003-2008 89

Chart A6.4 Public Funding per Student,at Nationally and Provincially Administered Tertiary Institutions,2007 91

Chart A6.5 Academic Qualifications of Faculty,2007 93

Chart A6.6 Putong Undergraduate Education Admissions Rates by Province,2009 95

Chart A6.7 Number of Foreign Tertiary Students by Province,2008 96

Chapter B Data and Analysis:Graduates 97

Indicator B1 Attainment and Employment 97

Chart B1.1 Proportion of Graduates with a STEM Degree,2001-2007 97

Chart B1.2 Proportion of the Working Population with a Tertiary Degree,2002-2007 99

Chart B1.3 Proportion of Unemployed Adults with a Tertiary Degree,2002-2008 100

Indicator B2 Quality and Relevance 101

Chart B2.1 Completion Rates of Undergraduate Students,2004-2008 101

Chart B2.2 Completion Rates of Postgraduate Students,2003-2008 102

Chart B2.3 Number of Bachelor's Graduates Pursuing Postgraduate Studies,2004-2008 103

Chart B2.4 Results of International Mathematical Olympiad,1980-2009 105

Indicator B3 Study Abroad 107

Chart B3.1 Number of Students Leaving for and Returning from Study Abroad,1978-2007 107

Indicator B4 Equality 108

Chart B4.1 Gender Balance of Graduates by Subject of Study,2003 108

Chart B4.2 Gender Balance of Graduates by Residential Status,2003 110

Indicator B5 Regional Balance 111

Chart B5.1 Number of Postgraduate Degrees Awarded by Province,2008 111

Chart B5.2 Educational Attainment of the Labor Force,2007 113

Chapter C Data and Analysis:Research 115

Indicator C1 Research Capacity 115

Chart C1.1 R＆D Expenditure Relative to GDP,1998-2007 115

Chart C1.2 University R＆D Spending by Activity,2004-2008 117

Chart C1.3 Science and Technology Funding to Universities,2000-2008 119

Indicator C2 Research Output 120

Chart C2.1 Number of Publications and Citations of University Research,Five-year Rolling averages,1995-2004 120

Indicator C3 Technology Transfer 121

Chart C3.1 Employment Sector of Doctoral Program,2007 121

Chart C3.2 Contract Dollars with Industry per R＆D Personnel in Universities,1998-2007 122

Chart C3.3 Number of University Patents,2004-2008 123

Indicator C4 Regional Balance 124

Chart C4.1 Science and Technology Funding to Universities,2007 124

Chart C4.2 Number of World-ranked Institutions,2009 126

Chapter D Data and Analysis:Governance 128

Indicator D1 Financing Tertiary Education 128

Chart D1.1 Income of Tertiary Education Institutions,1996-2007 128

Chart D1.2 Tertiary Education Budget as a Percentage of the Total National Educational Budget,1998-2007 130

Chart D1.3 Proportion of Public and Private Funding for Tertiary Education as a Percentage of GDP,1999-2007 131

Indicator D2 Balance of MoE-and Provincially-administered Institutions 132

Chart D2.1 Number of MoE-and Provincially-administered Institutions,1997-2008 132

Chart D2.2 Percentage of Institutions,Faculty,students,and Awards Affiliated with the Ministry of Education,2008 133

Data Sources 134

Notes 137

Appendix 138

List of"985"Universities 138

List of"211"Universities 141

References 147