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Book One:Fundamental WritingChapter 1 Orientation:English Writing 1

Ⅰ．Audience 3

Ⅱ．Topic Idea 4

Ⅲ．Organization 5

Ⅳ．Expression 6

Chapter 2 Sentence Skills 8

Ⅰ．Sentence Elements 8

Ⅱ．Basic Sentence Patterns 11

Exercises 12

Chapter 3 Shaping Sentences 18

Ⅰ．Shaping Sentences by Combining or Separating 18

A．Testing logical relationship 19

B．Choosing proper connectives 20

Ⅱ．Shaping by Subordinating 21

A．Deciding the controlling idea 21

B．Deciding the placing of clause 22

C．Warning against faulty subordination 23

Ⅲ．Shaping by Coordinating 24

A．Common patterns of coordination 24

B．Special patterns of coordination 25

Ⅳ．Shaping by Parallelism 31

A．Form of parallelism 32

B．Feature of Parallelism 33

C．Methods of building parallelism 35

D．Faulty parallelism 36

Ⅴ．Shaping by Ellipsis 38

Exercises 39

Chapter 4 Punctuating Sentences 46

Ⅰ．Period Fault and Fragments 46

A．Fragments:ineffective and effective 46

B．Period fault 48

Ⅱ．Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences 49

A．Run-on sentence 49

B．Comma splices 50

C．Removing run-on effect 51

D．Correcting fused sentences 52

Ⅲ．Basic Rules for Punctuation 52

Exercises 54

Chapter 5 Revising Sentences 58

Ⅰ．Revising for Clarity 58

A．Sentence logic 59

B．Subject-verb concord 61

C．Agreement of pronouns & antecedents 64

D．Other grammatical points 65

Ⅱ．Revising for Emphasis 68

A．Repetition of key words 68

B．Active voice 69

C．Shift of word order 69

Ⅲ．Revising for Economy 70

Ⅳ．Revising for Variety 71

A．Sentence length & structure 71

B．Sentence Opening 72

Exercises 72

Chapter 6 Building Paragraph 76

Ⅰ．Unity and Controlling Idea 76

A．From subject to topic idea 77

B．Topic sentence 79

C．Related sentences 87

D．Outline for unity 89

Exercises with Unity 94

Ⅱ．Completeness and Developing Methods 99

A．Developing by description 99

B．Developing by narration 100

C．Developing by examples 100

D．Developing by classification 101

E．Developing by comparison & contrast 102

F．Developing by process 103

G．Developing by csuse & effect 105

H．Development by definition 106

Exercises with Completeness 107

Ⅲ．Coherence and Sequence 107

A．Transitional devices 108

B．Sequence development 113

Exerciseswith Coherence 121

Ⅳ．Economy and Diction 123

A．Eliminating Wordiness 124

B．Packing more meaning into fewer words 126

C．Writing precisely 126

D．Euphemism,slang and idiom 138

E．Figurative language 141

Exercises with Economy and Diction 146

Chapter 7 Short Essay 153

Ⅰ．The Title 153

A．Composition of title 154

B．Capitalization of title 157

Ⅱ．The Thesis Statement 157

A．Two steps in writing a thesis statement 158

B．Presenting the thesis statement 160

Ⅲ．The Body of Essay and The Brainstorm 162

Ⅳ．Introductory Paragraph 162

A．Opening strategies 163

B．Beginnings to avoid 173

Ⅴ．Concluding Paragraph 175

A．Ending strategies 175

B．Endings to avoid 182

Answeres to Exercises 183

Reference 193