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Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 The aim of this book 1

1.2 The nature of anaphora 2

1.3 Research questions 6

1.4 Methodology 7

1.5 Organization 8

Chapter 2 Literature Review 11

2.1 A brief history of anaphora study 11

2.2 Contemporary approaches to anaphora 18

2.3 Summary 42

Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundations for Anaphora Study 44

3.1 Construal of anaphora within the functional framework 44

3.2 Remaining problems 59

3.3 A proposed framework for anaphora 62

3.4 Summary 76

Chapter 4 Textual Function of Anaphora 79

4.1 The lexical level 80

4.2 The grammatical level 91

4.3 The semantic level 99

4.4 The textual level 113

4.5 Summary 137

Chapter 5 Interpersonal Function of Anaphora 142

5.1 Understanding the interpersonal function of anaphora 143

5.2 The writer-society relationship 147

5.3 The writer-reader relationship 158

5.4 Summary 163

Chapter 6 Cognitive Function of Anaphora 165

6.1 Frame-based integration 165

6.2 Context-constrained inference 184

6.3 Memory-related retrieval 198

6.4 Summary 211

Chapter 7 Anaphora in Application 214

7.1 Testifying method 214

7.2 Anaphora in text 218

7.3 Summary 231

Chapter 8 Conclusion 233

8.1 Reflection on the research questions 233

8.2 Implications of this research 238

8.3 Limitations in anaphora study 240

Bibliography 242

Appendix Ⅰ：Three Texts for Sample Analysis 259

Appendix Ⅱ：Findings of the Three Sample Texts 276

Acknowledgements 280

List of Figures 16

Figure 2-1 Bühler's Organon-Model of Communication(after Bosch,1983:10,and Bühler 1934) 16

Figure 2-2 Connection between historical views and contemporary approaches to anaphora 17

Figure 2-3 The c-command diagram(adapted from Radford,1988:119) 20

Figure 3-1 The place of anaphora within the semantic system in SFG framework(taken from Halliday＆Hasan,1976:29) 51

Figure 3-2 The place of anaphora within the system of reference(reproduced from Halliday＆Hasan,1976:33) 51

Figure 3-3 The place of anaphora in the realization relationship between the situational system and the semantic system(reproduced from Halliday,1985:2) 55

Figure 3-4 The place of anaphora in the instantiation relationship(reproduced from Halliday＆Matthiessen,1999:14) 56

Figure 3-5 The functions of anaphora in text 74

Figure 4-1 First and subsequent mention of participants in Example(12)(after Martin,1992:94) 84

Figure 4-2 Clausal process types and subjectobject positions of the anaphors as participants in Example(17) 94

Figure 4-3 The bi-dimensional characteristic of anaphora in Example(12) 100

Figure 4-4 Ontological and linguistic reference of the anaphor"he"in Example(12) 104

Figure 4-5 Anaphoric continuity and topical continuity in Example(25) 119

Figure 4-6 Cohesive chains in Example(27) 129

Figure 4-7 Interaction between the topic chain of"she"and the non-topic strings in Example(27) 134

Figure 5-1 The role of anaphora in the two types of interpersonal relationship 146

Figure 5-2 Notions related to reference point(taken from Langacker,1996:356) 152

Figure 5-3 The switch of reference point in Example(30) 153

Figure 5-4 Attribution through antecedent embedment 156

Figure 5-5 Antecedent embedment in Example(31) 156

Figure 5-6 Non-attribution through antecedent-anaphora pattern 157

Figure 5-7 The antecedent-anaphora pattern in Example(29) 158

Figure 6-1 The simple spatial framework of a truck 183

Figure 6-2 Bridging anaphors within the spatial framework of a"truck"in Example(38) 183

Figure 6-3 Two mapping relationships in the blend metaphorical anaphors 197

Figure 6-4 The evoked senses of"home" 211

Figure 7-1 Topicality establishment according to the frequency of anaphora of certain antecedents(measured against percentage;frequency:per one thousand words) 220

Figure 7-2 Topicality-constrained anaphora types of major topical entities(measured against percentage;frequency:per one thousand words) 222

Figure 7-3 Proportion of ba type to the other three anaphora types in three sample texts(measured against percentage;frequency:per one hundred anaphora types) 223

Figure 7-4 Antecedents in three sample texts(measured against percentage;frequeney:per 1000 words) 228

List of Tables 131

Table 4-1 Process types,their meanings and key participants(reproduced from Halliday,1985:143) 131

Table 4-2 Process types,their meanings and key participants of the topic chain of"she"in Example(27) 132

Table 4-3 The anaphoric nominal groups with the possessive determiner"her"and the relationships expressed by it 133

Table 7-1 Topicality establishment according to the frequency of anaphora of certain antecedents(measured against number) 219

Table 7-2 Distribution of ba type as compared with the distribution of other anaphora types(measured against number) 223