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SECTION 1 Survey 1

1 The social study of language 3

The scope of enquiry 3

Complementary approaches 5

The methods of enquiry 8

Whatarethedata? 8

The sociolinguist at work 10

The approach in this book 13

2 The ethnography of speaking and the structure of conversation 14

The ethnography of speaking 14

The structure of conversations 16

Politeness and politeness formulas 19

Terms of address 20

3 Locating variations in speech 24

Speech communities and repertoires 24

Dialect 27

4 Styles,gender,and social class 31

Styles 31

Specialized varieties or registers and domains 33

Slang and solidarity 35

Language and gender 36

Social stratification 39

Accommodation and audience design 41

5 Bilinguals and bilingualism 44

Language socialization 44

The description of bilingualism 45

Bilingual competence 48

Code switching and code mixing 49

6 Societal multilingualism 51

Multilingualism 51

Language loyalty and reversing language shift 55

Language and ethnic identity 57

Language and politics 58

Language rights 59

Pidgins and creoles 61

Diglossia 63

7 Applied sociolinguistics 66

Language policy and language planning 66

Status planning 68

Corpus planning 70

Normativism and prescriptivism 72

Language acquisition planning or language education policy 74

Language diffusion policy or linguistic imperialism 75

The spread of English—imperialism or hegemony? 76

Conclusions 78

SECTION 2 Readings 79

SECTION 3 References 111

SECTION 4 Glossary 121