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1．History 1

History within translation studies 1

The parts of translation history 4

The interdependence and separateness of the parts 6

A too-brief history of translation history 9

Reasons for doing translation history 15

2．Importance 20

What is importance? 20

Against blithe empiricism 24

Personal interests 30

Research and client interests 31

Subjective interests and humility 36

3．Lists 38

Reasons for lists 39

Getting data 41

The difference between catalogues and corpora 42

Shortcomings in bibliographies:four examples 42

Completeness in history and geology 48

Sources as sifted sands 50

The historian as reader of indexes 53

4．Working definitions 55

Why some information has to be thrown out? 55

In defence of definitions 57

Inclusive definitions 58

Defining translations from paratexts 61

Corpora of borderline cases 65

How Wagner sneaked in? 67

How Salomé danced out? 68

5．Frequencies 71

Statistics and importance 71

Diachronic distribution 74

Retranslations,re-editions and nontranslations 79

Retranslation and its reasons 82

A general diachronic hypothesis 84

6．Networks 86

Reconstructing networks from within 86

Mapping networks 91

Two cheap transfer maps 93

Lines and symbols 97

The spatial axis 102

Cities as borders 105

7．Norms and systems 106

Actually reading translations 106

Norms? 110

Systems? 115

Leaps of faith 118

The will to system 119

Subjectless prose 122

Where's the gold? 123

8．Regimes 125

What are regimes? 125

Starting from debates 128

A regime for twelfth-century Toledo 130

A regime for Castilian protohumanism 132

A regime for early twentieth-century poetry anthologies 136

Translation as a transaction cost 140

9．Causes 143

Systemic and probabilistic causation 144

Aristotle 148

Transfer as material causation 150

Final causes in theories of systems and actions 151

Equivalence as formal cause 155

Translators as efficient causes 157

Multiple causation 158

10．Translators 160

Translators,not'the translator' 160

Translators can do more than translate 161

Translators have personal interests 166

Translators can move 172

Translators can go by several names 174

11．Intercultures 177

Where intercultures are hidden? 178

Translations or translators? 182

Strangers and trust 183

Interculturality and its negation 186

Intercultural professions as a social context 187

An alternative basic link 189

What is a culture? 190

12．Interdisciplinarity 193

Personal reasons for pessimism 193

A lacking discipline 195

Cultural Studies? 198

Intercultural Studies 199

References 203

Index of Names ＆ Topics 215