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PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION TO COMMON LAW SYSTEM 3

CHAPTER 1 COMMON LAW 3

1.1 Law 3

1.2 Common Law 4

1.3 Law versus Equity 7

1.4 Statutory Law versus Case Law 10

1.5 Summary 12

New Words and Expressions 13

Review Questions 16

CHAPTER 2 COMMON LAW COURT SYSTEM 18

2.1 The English Court System 18

2.1.1 Magistrates'Courts—For Both Civil and Criminal Cases 18

2.1.2 County Courts—For Civil Cases Only 19

2.1.3 Crown Court—For Criminal Cases Only 20

2.1.4 High Court—For Both Civil and Criminal Cases 20

2.1.5 Court of Appeal—For Both Civil and Criminal Cases 23

2.1.6 Final Court of Appeals 24

2.1.7 European Court of Justice 26

2.2 The American Court System 26

2.2.1 The Federal Courts 26

2.2.2 State Courts 29

New Words and Expressions 33

Review Questions 39

CHAPTER 3 SOURCES OF LAW 40

3.1 Sources of Law in England 40

3.1.1 The European Union Law 40

3.1.2 Statutory law 41

3.1.3 Case Law 41

3.2 Sources of Law in the United States 41

3.2.1 Constitutions 42

3.2.2 Statutes 43

3.2.3 Administrative Regulations 43

3.2.4 Case Law 44

New Words and Expressions 44

Review Questions 45

CHAPTER 4 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 47

4.1 Commencement of the Proceeding—Pretrial 47

4.1.1 Filing with the Court:Complaint 47

4.1.2 Service of Process 48

4.1.3 The Response:Motion,Answer,and Reply 48

4.1.4 Discovery 49

4.2 Trial Date and Jury Selection 50

4.2.1 Trial Date Assignment 50

4.2.2 Jury Selection 51

4.2.3 Preliminary Instructions of Law 52

4.3 Trial 53

4.3.1 Opening Statements 53

4.3.2 Plaintiff's Case in Chief 53

4.3.3 Defendant's Case in Chief 55

4.3.4 Closing Arguments 56

4.3.5 Jury Instructions 56

4.3.6 Verdict 57

4.3.7 Motions 58

4.3.8 Judgment 60

4.4 Appeal 61

4.5 Summary 62

New Words and Expressions 65

Review Questions 71

PART Ⅱ CASE LAW 75

CHAPTER 5 DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS 75

5.1 Rule of Precedent 75

5.2 Doctrine of Stare Decisis 75

5.3 The Function of Stare Decisis 77

5.4 Courts Affected by Stare Decisis 82

5.4.1 The Courts in England 82

5.4.2 The Courts in the United States 83

5.5 Components of a Judicial Decision 84

5.6 Types of Judicial Decisions 85

5.6.1 Majority Opinion 85

5.6.2 Dissenting Opinion 86

5.6.3 Concurring Opinion 86

5.7 Different Ways to Use Precedents 87

5.7.1 Following Prior Precedents 88

5.7.2 Distinguishing Prior Precedents 88

5.7.3 Overruling Prior Precedents 88

New Words and Expressions 89

Review Questions 91

CHAPTER 6 COMMON LAW REASONING 94

6.1 Typical Types of Common Law Reasoning 94

6.1.1 Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 94

6.1.2 Analogy and Distinction 94

6.1.3 Arguments in Common Law Reasoning 96

6.2 Techniques and Arguments Used with Case Authorities 97

6.2.1 Favorable Authorities 97

6.2.2 Adverse Authorities 98

6.3 Illustration of the Common Law Reasoning 98

6.3.1 Fletcher v. Rylands—The Establishment of the Rule 99

6.3.2 Rylands v. Fletcher—Modification of the Rule 109

6.3.3 Rickards v. Lothian—Exceptions to the Rule 116

6.3.4 Read v. Lyons—Interpretation and Application of the Rule 127

6.3.5 Turner v. Big Lake Oil Co.—The Impact of the Rule on the U.S.Courts 144

6.3.6 Foster v. Preston Mill Co.—A Later Case Decided By a U.S.Court 162

6.3.7 Siegler v. Kuhlman—Adoption of the Rylands Rule 169

6.3.8 Clay v. Missouri Highway＆Transportation Commission—New Development 187

New Words and Expressions 199

Review Questions 210

CHAPTER 7 CASE REPORTING SYSTEMS 212

7.1 Law Reports in England 212

7.1.1 Law Reports 212

7.1.2 Format of a Case in the Law Reports 212

7.2 Case Reporters in the United States 215

7.2.1 Case Reporters 215

7.2.2 Case Digests 217

7.2.3 Format of a Case in the Case Reporters 218

7.3 Case Names and Citations 222

7.3.1 Case Names 223

7.3.2 Case Citations 224

New Words and Expressions 226

Review Questions 229

PART Ⅲ CASE ANALYSIS 233

CHAPTER 8 CASE ANALYSIS 233

8.1 Basic Structure of a Judicial Opinion 233

8.1.1 Different Types of Opinions 234

8.1.2 Common Actions of a Court 236

8.1.3 Essential Elements of an Opinion 238

8.2 Procedural History 242

8.3 Statement of Facts 244

8.4 Issue 247

8.5 Holding 249

8.6 Reasons and Policies 254

8.7 Judgment 255

8.8 Summary 255

8.9 Case Brief Exercises 256

8.9.1 Exercise 1:Katko v. Briney 256

8.9.2 Exercise 2:Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co 266

8.9.3 Exercise 3:Barnes v. Treece 281

8.10 Sample Case Briefs 289

8.10.1 Katko v. Briney 289

8.10.2 Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co 290

8.11 Summary 292

New Words and Expressions 293

Review Questions 300

PART Ⅳ LEGAL DOCUMENT DRAFTING 303

CHAPTER 9 MEMORANDA DR AFTING 303

9.1 Common Law Analyses 303

9.2 Principles of Drafting 305

9.3 Writing Techniques 307

9.4 Elements of a Memorandum 308

9.5 Heading 316

9.6 Questions Presented 316

9.7 Brief Answers 320

9.8 Statement of Facts 321

9.9 Discussion 323

9.10 Conclusion 326

9.11 Summary 328

9.12 Drafting Exercise 329

New Words and Expressions 335

Review Questions 335

REFERENCES 336

APPENDIX 338