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Chapter1 Dumping and Antidumping 1

1.1 Introduction and Definition 1

1.2 The Evolution of Antidumping Regulation 2

1.2.1 Origins of Antidumping Regulation 2

1.2.2 Origins of the WTO Antidumping Agreement 4

1.2.2.1 The Kennedy Round Antidumping Code 5

1.2.2.2 The Tokyo Round Antidumping Code 5

1.3 Recent Developments in Antidumping Activity 7

1.4 Why Do Firms Dump？ 8

1.4.1 Dumping for Business Reasons 8

1.4.1.1 Sporadic （Over-Capacity） Dumping 8

1.4.1.2 Meeting the Competition 9

1.4.1.3 Price Discrimination to Increase Profits 9

1.4.1.4 Miscellaneous 10

1.4.2 Strategic Dumping 10

1.4.2.1 Dumping to Gain or Increase Market Share 10

1.4.2.2 Predatory Dumping 11

1.4.3 Continuity of Dumping 12

1.5 The Antidumping Dilemma 13

1.5.1 Proponents of Antidumping 13

1.5.2 Opponents of Antidumping 15

1.5.3 Antidumping as an Import Control Tool 16

Chapter2 The WTO Antidumping Law 21

2.1 Key Elements of Dumping Determination 21

2.2 Determination of Dumping 21

2.2.1 Normal Value 22

2.2.1.1 The Price of the “Like Product” in the“Ordinary Course of Trade” 22

2.2.1.1.1 Like Product 22

2.2.1.1.2 Ordinary Course of Trade 23

2.2.1.2 Constructed Normal Value 24

2.2.2 Export Price 25

2.2.3 Fair Comparison of Normal Value and Export Price 25

2.2.3.1 The Issue of Zeroing 27

2.2.3.2 Exchange Rates 32

2.2.3.3 Start-Up Costs 32

2.3 Determination of Injury 33

2.3.1 Material Injury 33

2.3.2 Threat of Material Injury 34

2.3.3 Material Retardation of the Establishment of a Domestic Industry 35

2.3.4 Cumulation 35

2.4 Determination of Causal Link 36

2.5 Definition of Domestic Industry 37

2.5.1 Related Domestic Producers 37

2.5.2 Regional Domestic Industry 38

2.6 Initiation and Subsequent Investigation 38

2.6.1 On Behalf of an Industry 40

2.6.2 On the Initiative of Investigating Authorities 40

2.6.3 Notification of the Government Concerned 40

2.6.4 Simultaneous Consideration of Dumping and Injury 41

2.6.5 De Minimis Margins and Negligible Imports 41

2.6.7 Time Limits 41

2.7 Evidence 42

2.7.1 Confidential Information 42

2.7.2 On-the-Spot Investigations 43

2.7.3 Facts Available 43

2.7.4 Disclosure of Essential Facts 44

2.7.5 Sampling 45

2.7.6 Industrial Users and Consumers 45

2.8 Remedies 45

2.8.1 Provisional Measures 46

2.8.2 Price Undertakings 46

2.8.3 Definitive Measures 47

2.8.4 Retroactivity 50

2.8.5 Duration and Review 51

2.9 Public Notice 52

2.10 Judicial Review 53

2.11 Antidumping Action on Behalf of a Third Count 53

2.12 Special Provisions for Developing Countries 54

2.13 Committee on Antidumping Practices 55

2.14 Dispute Settlement 56

Chapter 3 The Egyptian Antidumping Experience： Iron and Steel 59

3.1 History of Antidumping Regulation in Egypt 59

3.2 The Current Egyptian Antidumping System 60

3.2.1 Initiation and Subsequent Investigation 60

3.2.2 Dumping 63

3.2.3 Determination of Injury 64

3.2.4 Remedies 66

3.2.4.1 Provisional Measures 66

3.2.4.2 Final Measures 66

3.2.4.3 Price Undertakings 67

3.2.4.4 Retroactivity 67

3.2.4.5 Duration and Review 68

3.2.5 Judicial Review 68

3.2.6 Public Interest 69

3.3 Antidumping Activity in Egypt 69

3.4 Internal Cases Involving the Iron and Steel Industry 69

3.4.1 Steel Rebar from Romania， Ukraine and Latvia 69

3.4.2 Steel Rebar from Turkey 74

3.4.3 Pipe Fittings from China 87

3.4.4 Comment on Cases Involving the Iron and Steel Industry in Egypt 89

3.5 External Cases against Egyptian Exports 91

3.5.1 Cases in the United States 91

3.5.2 Cases Brought by the European Commission 95

Chapter 4 The Indian Antidumping Experience： Iron and Steel 99

4.1 History of Antidumping Regulation in India 99

4.2 The Current Indian Antidumping System 100

4.2.1 Like Product 100

4.2.2 Constructed Normal Value 101

4.2.3 Injury Margin 101

4.2.4 Nonmarket Economies 102

4.2.5 Injury Determination 103

4.2.6 Imposition of Final Duties 103

4.2.7 Lesser Duty Rule 104

4.2.8 Price Undertakings 104

4.2.9 Public Interest Clause 104

4.2.10 Period of Investigation 104

4.2.11 Time Limits 105

4.2.12 Appeal 105

4.2.13 Refund of Antidumping Duties 105

4.3 Antidumping Activity in India 106

4.4 Internal Cases Involving the Iron and Steel Industry 107

4.4.1 Hot-Rolled Coils/Sheets/Plates/Strips from Russia，Ukraine and Kazakhstan 107

4.4.2 Cold-Rolled Flat Products of Stainless Steel from the European Union， Japan， Canada and the United States 109

4.4.3 Hardened Forged Steel Rolls from Russia，Ukraine and Korea RP 117

4.5 External Cases against Indian Exports 123

4.5.1 Cases in the United States 123

4.5.1.1 United States Antidumping and Countervailing Measures on Steel Plate from India 123

4.5.1.2 Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate from Inter Alia India 131

4.5.1.3 Forged Stainless Steel from India and Taiwan 134

4.5.2 Cases Brought by the European Commission 138

4.5.2.1 Stainless Steel Fasteners from Inter Alia India 138

4.5.2.2 Steel Ropes and Cables from Inter Alia India 142

Chapter 5 Internal Price Discrimination Law 145

5.1 Introduction 145

5.2 United States Price-Discrimination Law 145

5.2.1 Background 145

5.2.2 The Robinson-Patman Act Analyzed 146

5.2.3 Primary-Line Cases 149

5.2.4 Defenses 150

5.2.4.1 Meeting the Competition Defense 150

5.2.4.2 Cost Justification Defense 151

5.2.4.3 Functional Availability 152

5.3 United States Predatory-Pricing Law 152

5.4 European Community Price-Discrimination and Predatory-Pricing Law 154

5.4.1 The Concept of Dominance 155

5.4.1.1 Definition of the Relevant Product Market 156

5.4.1.2 Demand-Side Substitutability 156

5.4.1.3 Supply-Side Substitutability 157

5.4.1.4 Relevant Geographic Market 158

5.4.1.5 Market Share Analysis 159

5.4.1.6 Competitive Constraints 160

5.4.1.7 Collective or Joint Dominance 160

5.4.2 Abuse of a Dominant Position 160

5.4.3 Price Discrimination 162

5.4.4 Predatory Pricing 163

5.5 Antidumping Law versus Competition Law 165

Chapter 6 Economies of Scale as Barriers to Effective Competition 167

6.1 Introduction 167

6.2 Individual Freedom versus Protection of the Market as an Institution 167

6.3 Market Power 169

6.4 Barriers to Entry 171

6.5 Abuse of Market Power 175

6.6 Antidumping Revisited 187

6.7 Conclusion 191

References 195

Index 203