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Part Ⅰ Introduction 3

1 The Roman Heritage 3

2 Bonus Theoreticus, Malus Practicus? 9

Two Classics 9

Toward Modern DSL 11

The Dual Nature of DSL 16

3 What Is the Doctrinal Study of Law? 19

The Definition 19

DSL and Adjudication 19

DSL and Sociology 22

Part Ⅱ The Foundations of Legal Thinking 27

4 Lawyer's Dilemma 27

5 On Language-Games 31

Learning Language 31

Language-Games 32

On Family Resemblance 34

Social Dimension of Language 35

Direct Experiences and Feelings 36

Form of Life 37

6 The Foundations of Knowledge 39

On Certainty 39

The Final Foundations of Knowledge 40

The Role of the Form of Life 42

7 On the Ontology of Law 45

The Standard View 45

On the Conventionalist Theory 47

Institutional Legal Theory 48

On Shared Mutual Beliefs 50

8 A Moral Point of View 53

Starting Point 53

Moral Foundation of Law 54

Moral Foundations of Legal Reasoning 57

On Moderate Value Relativism 57

Prima Faeie vs. all Things Considered 59

Summary 62

9 The Three Notions of Liberty 65

The Traditional View 65

The Third Notion of Liberty 66

Summary 69

Part Ⅲ Between Realism and Idealism 73

10 What Is Science? 73

A Positivistic View 73

On the Criteria of Scienee 73

Further Analysis 75

Summary 76

11 Legal Realism Reinterpreted 81

Alf Ross and the Scandinavian Realism 81

Ross as a Logical Empiricist 83

Realist Ross 84

What Is Law? 85

On the Ideological Element of the Rossian Theory 88

A Critical View 90

Ross and Hermeneutics 94

12 Outlines of the New Rhetoric 95

On the Background 95

The Greek Rhetoric 97

The Return of Rhetoric 99

The Idea of New Rhetoric 100

Rhetoric and the Argumentation Theory 103

13 Scientific Inference - An Example 105

Out of the Cave 105

Origin 107

Content 107

The Interpretation of Archaeological Findings 107

The Structure of Reasoning 109

What About the Legal Reasoning? 112

Part Ⅳ On the Doctrinal Study of Law 117

14 From the Constitutional State to the Welfare State 117

15 Two Types of Norms 119

Starting Point 119

On the Strong Demarcation Thesis 119

Weak Demarcation Thesis 120

A Step Further 122

16 The Formal Validity, Efficacy, and Acceptability of Legal Norms 125

On the Lexical Meaning of Validity 125

Formal Validity 125

Efficacy 128

Axiologieal Validity 129

17 The Procedure of Legal Reasoning 131

On the Notion of Interpretation 131

Meaning Propositions 131

On Justification 133

Internal Justification 134

External Justification 134

The Structure of External Justification 137

On the Notion of Rationality 139

The Preconditions of Rational Legal Discourse 142

On Coherence 144

18 The Sources of Law 147

The Doctrine of the Sources of Law 147

The Normative Status of the Sources of Law 150

Strongly Binding Sources 151

The Statutes 151

Non-national Sources of Law 152

Weakly Binding Sources of Law 153

The Intention of the Legislator 154

Precedents 158

Permitted Sources 160

Consequential Inference 161

On principles as the Source of Law 162

19 One Right Answer? 165

Final and Right Answer 165

Hercules J 166

Acceptance and Acceptability 170

Majority Principle 172

20 On the Systematisation 177

The Need for Systematisation 177

The Theories in Law 178

Reformulation of the System 179

21 Change or Development? 185

The Standard View 185

Outl ines ot the Kuhnian Model 185

Kuhn and the Social Sciences 191

Matrix of DSL 192

Theoretical and Practical DSL 195

Change - How and When? 196

Bibliography 201

Name Index 215

Subject Index 219