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Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Definition of Ceramics 2

1.3 Elementary Crystallography 4

1.4 Ceramic Microstructures 6

1.5 Traditional Versus Advanced Ceramics 7

1.6 General Characteristics of Ceramics 7

1.7 Applications 8

1.8 The Future 10

Problems 11

Additional Reading 12

Chapter 2: Bonding in Ceramics 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Structure of Atoms 14

2.3 Ionic Versus Covalent Bonding 23

2.4 Ionic Bonding 25

2.5 Ionically Bonded Solids 28

2.6 Covalent Bond Formation 33

2.7 Covalently Bonded Solids 37

2.8 Band Theory of Solids 38

2.9 Summary 47

Appendix 2A: Kinetic Energy of Free Electrons 47

Problems 48

Additional Reading 51

Chapter 3: Structure of Ceramics 52

3.1 Introduction 52

3.2 Ceramic Structures 54

3.3 Binary Ionic Compounds 59

3.4 Composite Crystal Structures 65

3.5 Structure of Covalent Ceramics 67

3.6 Structure of Silicates 70

3.7 Lattice Parameters and Density 75

3.8 Summary 79

Appendix 3A:Ionic Radii 80

Problems 84

Additional Reading 87

Chapter 4: Effect of Chemical Forces on Physical Properties 88

4.1 Introduction 88

4.2 Melting Points 88

4.3 Thermal Expansion 94

4.4 Young's Modulus and the Strength of Perfect Solids 99

4.5 Surface Energy 102

4.6 Summary 106

Problems 106

Additional Reading 109

Chapter 5:Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations 110

5.1 Introduction 110

5.2 Free Energy 111

5.3 Chemical Equilibrium and the Mass Action Expression 122

5.4 Chemical Stability Domains 123

5.5 Electrochemical Potentials 126

5.6 Charged Interfaces, Double Layers, and Debye Lengths 127

5.7 Gibbs-Duhem Relation for Binary Oxides 129

5.8 Kinetic Considerations 131

5.9 Summary 133

Appendix 5A: Derivation of Eq. (5.27) 133

Problems 134

Additional Reading 135

Chapter 6: Defects in Ceramics 137

6.1 Introduction 137

6.2 Point Defects 138

6.3 Linear Defects 166

6.4 Planar Defects 168

6.5 Summary 170

Problems 171

Additional Reading 174

Chapter 7: Diffuson and Electrical Conductivity 175

7.1 Introduction 175

7.2 Diffusion 176

7.3 Electrical Conductivity 192

7.4 Am bipolar Diffusion 212

7.5 Relationships Between Self-, Tracer, Chemical, Ambipolar,and Defect Diffusion Coefficients 224

7.6 Summary 227

Appendix 7A: Relationship Between Fick's First Law and Eq. (7.30) 229

Appendix 7B: Effective Mass and Density of States 230

Appendix 7C: Derivation of Eq. (7.79) 232

Appendix 7D: Derivation of Eq. (7.92) 233

Problems 234

Additional Reading 241

Chapter 8: Phase Equilibria 242

8.1 Introduction 242

8.2 Phase Rule 243

8.3 One-Component Systems 244

8.4 Binary Systems 247

8.5 Ternary Systems 255

8.6 Free-Energy Composition and Temperature Diagrams 257

8.7 Summary 262

Problems 263

Additional Reading 264

Chapter 9: Formation, Structure, and Properties of Glasses 265

9.1 Introduction 265

9.2 Glass Formation 266

9.3 Glass Structure 280

9.4 Glass Properties 283

9.5 Glass-Ceramics 293

9.6 Summary 296

Appendix 9A: Derivation of Eq. (9.7) 297

Problems 297

Additional Reading 300

Chapter 10: Sintering and Grain Growth 302

10.1 Introduction 302

10.2 Solid-State Sintering 304

10.4 Liquid-Phase Sintering 337

10.5 Hot Pressing and Hot Isostatic Pressing 343

10.6 Summary 345

Appendix 10A: Derivation of the Gibbs-Thompson Equation 346

Appendix 10B: Radii of Curvature 346

Appendix 10C: Derivation of Eq. (10.20) 347

Appendix 10D: Derivation of Eq. (10.22) 349

Problems 350

Additional Reading 354

Chapter 11: Mechanical Properties: Fast Fracture 356

11.1 Introduction 356

11.2 Fracture Toughness 358

11.3 Strength of Ceramics 373

11.4 Toughening Mechanisms 380

11.5 Designing With Ceramics 387

11.6 Summary 394

Problems 395

Additional Reading 399

Chapter 12: Creep, Subcritical Crack Growth, and Fatigue 400

12.1 Introduction 400

12.2 Creep 401

12.3 Subcritical Crack Growth 415

12.4 Fatigue of Ceramics 422

12.5 Lifetime Predictions 425

12.6 Summary 432

Appendix 12A: Derivation of Eq. (12.24) 433

Problems 435

Additional Reading 440

Chapter 13: Thermal Properties 442

13.1 Introduction 442

13.2 Thermal Stresses 443

13.3 Thermal Shock 447

13.4 Spontaneous Microcracking of Ceramics 452

13.5 Thermal Tempering of Glass 456

13.6 Thermal Conductivity 458

13.7 Summary 460

Problems 461

Additional Reading 464

Chapter 14: Dielectric Properties 465

14.1 Introduction 465

14.2 Basic Theory 466

14.3 Equivalent Circuit Description of Linear Dielectrics 471

14.4 Polarization Mechanisms 476

14.5 Dielectric Loss 492

14.6 Dielectric Breakdown 494

14.7 Capacitors and Insulators 494

14.8 Summary 497

Appendix 14A: Local Electric Field 498

Problems 499

Additional Reading 505

Chapter 15: Magnetic and Nonlinear Dielectric Properties 507

15.1 Introduction 507

15.2 Basic Theory 508

15.3 Microscopic Theory 514

15.4 Para-, Ferro-, Antiferro-, and Ferrimagnetism 519

15.5 Magnetic Domains and the Hysteresis Curve 525

15.6 Magnetic Ceramics and their Applications 529

15.7 Piezo-and Ferroelectric Ceramics 537

15.8 Summary 547

Appendix 15A: Orbital Magnetic Quantum Number 548

Problems 549

Additional Reading 551

Chapter 16: Optical Properties 553

16.1 Introduction 553

16.2 Basic Principles 555

16.3 Absorption and Transmission 565

16.4 Scattering and Opacity 573

16.5 Fiber Optics and Optical Communication 576

16.6 Summary 580

Appendix 16A: Coherence 581

Appendix 16B: Assumptions Made in Deriving Eq. (16.24) 581

Problems 582

Additional Reading 587

Index 589