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Chapter 1 The European Protection of Human Rights in a Historical and International Context 1

1.The Main Problems Concerning Protection of Human Rights 1

2.National Efforts 2

3.Growing Internationalization 4

4.Creation of Multilateral Protection Instruments 5

4.1 Under the auspices of the United Nations 6

4.1.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7

4.1.2 The UN covenants on Human Rights 9

4.1.3 The UN protection machinery 9

4.2 Under the auspices of the Council of Europe 11

4.2.1 What rights are protected under the Convention 12

4.2.2 The protection machinery 13

4.2.2.1 The organs 13

4.2.2.2 A petition is required 14

4.2.2.3 The admissibility stage 15

4.2.2.4 The Commission's examination on the merit stage 15

4.2.2.5 How to reach a binding decision 16

4.2.2.6 Conclusion 17

5.Subject of the Present Study 17

Chapter 2 The Individual Right of Petition 20

1.Optional Part of the Protection System 20

2.Effective Exercise of the Individual Right of Petition 24

2.1 The hindrance practice 25

3.The Character of the Right to Exercise Effectively the Individual Right of Petition 27

Chapter 3 The Right of States to Bring an Application Before the Commission 34

Chapter 4 Procedure 38

1.Introduction 38

2.Introduction and Registration of Applications 39

2.1 Pre-registration 39

2.2 The content of an application 42

2.3 Language 43

2.4 Representation 44

2.5 Determination of certain dates 44

3.Handling of Registered Cases 45

3.1 Rapporteur 45

3.2 Full Commission 46

3.3 Involvement of the defendant State 47

3.4 Legal aid 49

3.5 Order of proceedings 50

3.6 The Commission can strike a case off the list of cases 50

3.7 An application can be restored to the list of cases 51

3.8 Interim measures? 52

3.9 Is the procedure secret? 53

4.Decision on Admissibility 53

4.1 Quorum 53

4.2 Decision 54

4.3 Joined to the merit 54

4.4 Communication of the decision to the parties 54

5.The Final Character of the Admissibility Decision 55

5.1 The main rule 55

5.2 Article 29 (Third Protocol) 55

5.3 When joined to the merit 57

5.4 The Court vis-a-vis the admissibility rules 57

6.Especially about State Applications 59

Chapter 5 Admissibility in General 61

1.Survey of the Rules 61

2.State and Individual Applications 63

3.Interpretation of Various Formulations 63

4.Can Other Grounds for Inadmissibility be Applied? 64

5.Precedence Among the Grounds for Inadmissibility? 67

6.Abuse of the Individual Right of Petition 68

7.Survey of Chapters 6-9 71

Chapter 6 Grounds for Inadmissibility Mainly Relating to the Introduction of an Application 72

1.Anonymous Petitions 72

2.Competence Ratione Personae 73

2.1 Active legitimation 73

2.1.1 Individual applications 74

2.1.1.1 In general 74

2.1.1.2 An individual applicant must claim to be the victim of a violation 76

2.1.2 State applications 85

2.2 Passive legitimation 87

2.2.1 Individual applications 87

2.2.2 Particularly about State applications 93

3.Competence Ratione Loci 93

4.Competence Ratione Temporis 97

4.1 The general rules 98

4.2 Continuing violation 100

4.3 Particularly about the introduction of individual applications 100

4.4 Particularly about the introduction of State applications 101

4.5 Problems relating to expiry 102

4.5.1 Expiry of the Convention 102

4.5.2 Expiry of the competence to receive individual applications 104

Chapter 7 Conditions to be Fulfilled Before an Application can be Admitted 105

1.Exhaustion of National Remedies 105

1.1 Introduction 105

1.2 Problems relating to the burden of proof 108

1.3 What kinds of remedies must be exhausted 111

1.4 Special circumstances which absolve the applicant from exhaustion 121

1.5 Does the exhaustion rule apply where an application is directed against legislative measures or an administrative practice? 122

1.6 The remedies available must be properly exhausted 131

1.7 Especially about State applications 133

1.8 Especially about indirect victims vis-a-vis the exhaustion rule 134

2.The Six-Months Time Limit 134

2.1 Introduction 134

2.2 The beginning of the time limit 135

2.3 Expiry of the time limit 138

2.4 Interruption or suspension of the time limit 139

2.5 The six-months rule vis-a-vis additional facts or complaints 140

Chapter 8 Applications Previously Examined or Under Examination 141

1.Introduction 141

2.Equivalent Cases 142

3.Already Examined by the Commission 143

4.Ne bis in idem When the Matter Has Been Submitted to Another Procedure of International Investigation or Settlement 144

5.Relevant New Information 150

Chapter 9 Grounds for Inadmissibility Mainly Relating to the Substance of an Application 153

1.Introduction 153

2.Incompatibility Ratione Materiae 155

2.1 General outline of the practice of the Commission 156

2.1.1 Rights mainly of an economic and social character 156

2.1.2 Citizenship and the right to reside in a particular country 157

2.1.3 The functioning of the legal machinery in the member countries 158

2.1.4 Prison conditions 159

2.1.5 Fair trial-field of application 160

2.1.6 Reservations under Article 64 of the Convention 163

2.2 Conclusions 166

3.Manifestly Ill-founded 167

3.1 Introduction 167

3.2 The historical background of the rule 167

3.3 Interpretation of the term manifestly ill-founded in the early practice of the Commission 169

3.4 Rejection because of lack of proof 170

3.5 Rejection after an evaluation of law 172

3.5.1 The Iversen case 172

3.5.2 Complaints under Articles 5 and 6 of the Convention 175

3.5.3 Complaints under Article 8 of the Convention 177

3.6 The "global formula" 178

3.7 Conclusions 178

4.The Commission's Examination of the Substance of an Application on the Admissibility Stage 178

Chapter 10 General Conclusions and Suggestions 181

Appendix 1.The European Convention on Human Rights and the first,second and fourth Protocols thereto 186

Appendix 2.European Agreement relating to Persons Participating in Proceedings of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights 206

Appendix 3.Rules of Procedure of the European Commission of Human Rights 211

Appendix 4.Application Form 226

Appendix 5.Notice for the attention of persons wishing to apply to the European Commission of Human Rights 229

Appendix 6.Formula letters used by the European Commission of Human Rights 234

Selective Bibliography 247

Table of Cases 251