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Part Ⅰ： Criminalisation and Wrongdoing 3

1. The Nature of Criminalisation 3

1.1 The Act of Criminalisation 6

1.2 The Moral Voice 10

1.3 Hard Treatment and Deterrence 14

1.4 The Role of the State 16

1.5 Conclusion 18

2. Wrongfulness and Reasons 19

2.1 A General Limiting Principle 19

2.2 Wrongfulness as the Determinant of Criminalisation？ 20

2.3 Three Theses Concerning Wrongfulness 22

2.4 Other Constraints 30

2.5 Two Provisos 31

Part Ⅱ： Harm 35

3. Crossing the Harm Threshold 35

3.1 Harms， Wrongs， and Entitlements 38

3.2 Non-constitutive Crimes and the Breadth of the Harm Principle 43

3.3 Harm-independent Wrongs 50

3.4 Conclusion 52

4. Remote Harms： the Need for an Extended Harm Principle 53

4.1 The Problem of ‘Remote’ Harms 53

4.2 The Standard Harms Analysis 54

4.3 What are ‘Remote’ Harms？ 57

4.4 Remote Harm and Fair Imputation 59

4.5 What Practical Difference？ 65

5. On the Imputation of Remote Harms 70

5.1 In-principle Constraints on Non-constitutive Crimes 71

5.2 Types of Remote Harms and their Governing Principles 75

5.3 Conclusion 88

Part Ⅲ： Offence 91

6. Rethinking the Offence Principle 91

6.1 Offence as Wrongdoing 92

6.2 What Wrongs might Invoke the Offence Principle？ 97

6.3 The Multifarious， yet Unified， and Conventional Grounds of Offence 99

6.4 Distinguishing Offence From Nuisance 104

6.5 Conclusion 106

7. The Distinctiveness of the Offence Principle 108

7.1 Harmful versus Offensive Actions 108

7.2 Criminalisation of Offence under the Harm Principle 111

7.3 A Separate Offence Principle？ 117

8. Mediating Principles for Offensive Conduct 123

8.1 Weighting Factors and Mediating Principles 124

8.2 Protecting a Constitutionally-derived Interest？ 134

8.3 Concluding Thoughts 137

Part Ⅳ： Paternalism 141

9. Reflections on Paternalistic Prohibitions 141

9.1 Three Absolutist Objections to Paternalistic Intervention （Civil and Criminal） 143

9.2 Direct and Indirect Coercion 149

9.3 Direct Paternalism in the Civil Law 152

9.4 The Distinctively Problematic Character of Paternalistic Crimes 156

9.5 An Exception for De Minimis Interventions？ 160

9.6 Other （Non-paternalistic） Grounds for Intervention？ 161

9.7 In Closing： Autonomy and Respect 164

10. Some Varieties of Indirect Paternalism 166

10.1 Removing （Unwanted？） Options： Airbags and the Like 166

10.2 Prohibiting Important Choices： Killing on Request and the Like 168

10.3 Consent and Evidential Risks 171

10.4 Appealing to P’s Inhibitions： the Theory of Hemmschwelle 176

10.5 Existence without Life-changes， and the Burden of Self-Reform 179

10.6 Partial Decriminalisation and the Concept of the Living Standard 181

10.7 Killing versus Other Forms of Self-injury 184

10.8 In Closing 185

Part Ⅴ： Drawing Back from Criminal Law 189

11. Mediating Considerations and Constraints 189

11.1 Privacy 190

11.2 Regulatory Alternatives 193

11.3 Fair Warning 198

11.4 Fair Labelling and the Multiplicity of Crimes 202

11.5 Practical Constraints 208

12. Two-step Criminalisation 212

12.1 Constraining the Criminal Law 212

12.2 The Nature of TSPs 214

12.3 Bypassing Constraints and the Potential for Misuse 218

12.4 Using TSPs in Specialist Contexts： The ACP 228

12.5 Assessing the English ASBO Legislation 230

12.6 Conclusion 232

Index 233