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Chapter 1 Treaties 1

Ⅰ Historical perspective 1

1 Underlying causes 1

2 Contemporary developments 3

A From 1815 until World War I 3

B Between the two World Wars 7

C After 1945 9

Ⅱ Fundamental legal aspects 12

1 The domestic and the international legal order 12

A Doctrinal considerations 13

B Conclusion of treaties 14

C Application of treaties 15

2 The treaty as a juristic act and as a rule 18

3 Contractual treaties and law-making treaties 20

4 Treaties and general principles of international law 21

Ⅲ Definition and classification of international treaties 22

1 Definition 22

A An expression of concurring wills 23

B Concurring wills attributable to two or more subjects of law 24

C Two or more subjects of public international law 25

D An intention to produce legal effects 26

E Legal effects under public international law 26

2 Classification of treaties 27

Ⅳ Work on international treaties 29

1 Codification 29

2 Research 30

A Object and nature of current research 30

B Research pointers 31

Notes 32

Chapter 2 Conclusion， entry into force and participation 43

Ⅰ General considerations 43

1 The concept of conclusion 43

2 A complex process 44

A The object of the treaty 44

B The nature of the parties 44

C The number of parties 44

3 Phases and procedural techniques 44

4 International law and municipal law： problems of terminology and substance 45

Ⅱ A review of treaty-making procedures 47

1 Description 47

A Bilateral treaties concluded by long procedures 47

B Bilateral treaties concluded by short procedures 48

C Bilateral treaties concluded by exchange of letters 48

D Multilateral treaties concluded by long or short procedures 48

2 Entry into force 51

A Manner and date 51

B Effects 52

3 Ancillary procedures 53

A Appointment of a depositary 53

B Notifications and communications 54

C Registration and publication 55

Ⅲ Participation 55

1 General capacity to conclude treaties 56

A States 56

B Other entities 59

2 Reservations 60

A General background 60

B The 1969 Convention， subsequent practice， and the 1986 Convention 62

Notes 65

Chapter 3 The effects of treaties 73

Ⅰ Effects with regard to the parties 73

1 Interpretation 73

2 Application 76

A Territorial application 76

B Temporal application 77

Ⅱ Effects with regard to non-parties 78

1 Effects stemming from the consent of third parties 79

2 Effects depending upon specific mechanisms 82

A Reference to another treaty （most-favoured-nation clause） 82

B The treaty as an unlawful act with regard to third parties 83

C The treaty as a precedent for custom 83

D Treaties concerning a new legal subject 84

E Treaties relating to composite entities（international organizations） 88

F ‘Status treaties’， ‘objective regimes’， ‘rights in rem’ 93

Ⅲ Effects in relation to other legal rules 99

1 Relations between a treaty and other treaties 100

A Order of precedence between treaties relating to the same subject-matter 101

B Amendments to treaties 103

C Termination and suspension of treaties 106

2 Relations between treaties and other sources of law 107

A Treaties and custom 107

B Treaties and general principles of law 109

C Peremptory rules of public international law （jus cogens） 109

D Treaties and obligations deriving from membership of an international organization 113

Notes 114

Chapter 4 Non-application of treaties 127

Ⅰ General observations 127

1 Causes of non-application 127

2 Effects of non-application 128

A Effects of non-application in relation to time 128

B Effects of non-application with regard to treaty provisions 130

C Is non-application automatic or not？ 132

Ⅱ Grounds of invalidity 134

1 Consent invalid under municipal law 136

2 Error 136

3 Fraud 137

4 Corruption of the representative of a State or international organization 138

5 Coercion of the representative of a State or international organization 139

6 Coercion of a State or international organization by the threat or use of force 140

A The nature of unlawful coercion 140

B Application of the rule in time 142

C Effects of the rule 142

7 Breach of a peremptory rule 143

Ⅲ Non-application of a treaty for extraneous reasons 144

1 Impossibility of performance 144

2 Fundamental change of circumstance 146

Ⅳ The law of treaties and international responsibility 150

Notes 156

Appendix Ⅰ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties （23 May 1969） 164

Appendix Ⅱ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations （21 March 1986） 193

Index 231