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part one: CRIMINOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF CRIME 1

1: Crime, Law, and Criminology 5

What Is Crime? 6

Norms and Socialization 8

Social Values and Law 9

Deviance 11

Law in Historical Perspective 13

Substantive Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure 18

Classification of Crimes 23

Criminology as a Discipline 24

Summary 27

2: Crime Statistics in the United States 30

Sources of Crime Data 32

The Extent of Known Crime 33

Geographical Area and Crime 36

Characteristics of Offenders 36

Limitations of the Uniform Crime Reports 38

The Role of the Police 40

Shortcomings of UCR Procedures 43

Alternative Sources of Data on Crime 47

Victimization Studies 55

Summary 58

3: Research and Theory in Criminology 62

Scientific Inquiry 64

Purposes and Types of Research 67

The Nature and Purposes of Criminological Theory 73

Summary 75

part two: PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 79

4: Crimes Against the Person 83

A Perspective on Violent Offenders 84

Domestic Violence: The Battering Family 86

Violent Crime in the United States 89

Criminal Homicide 89

Assault and Battery 97

Robbery 98

Sexual Offenses and Offenders 99

Voyeurism and Indecent Exposure 105

Child Molestation 107

Summary 108

5: Crimes Against Property 114

Occasional Property Offenders 115

Ordinary Career Criminals 116

Professional Criminals 117

Burglary 118

Larceny-Theft 119

The Fence: Criminal Receiver of Stolen Goods 122

Motor Vehicle Theft 123

Arson 126

Confidence Games 128

Criminal Careers 130

Summary 138

6: Economic, Syndicated, and Political Crime 141

Economic Crimes 143

Syndicated (Organized) Crime 155

Political Crimes 166

Summary 172

7: Consensual Crimes 178

Defining Consensual Crime 179

Consensual Crimes and Criminal Justice 181

Problem Drinking 183

Nonmedical Drug Use 186

Prostitution 194

Gambling 198

Abortion 201

Decriminalization of Consensual Crimes 202

Summary 204

8: Female Offenders 208

Explanations of Female Criminality 209

Current Analyses of Female Crime 216

Female Offenders and the Criminal Justice System 222

Community Correctional Programs for Female Offenders 229

Summary 230

part three: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME AND CRIMINALITY 235

9: Classical, Positivist, and Neoclassical Perspectives 239

The Classical School of Criminology 241

The Positivist School of Criminology 246

Social Factors and Criminality 250

Economic Conditions and Criminality 253

Modern Classical Criminology 254

Punishment or Rehabilitation? 262

Concluding Observations 265

Summary 266

10: Economic Conditions and Criminality 270

Crime as a Product of Capitalism 271

Radical Criminology 275

Critical Criminology 277

Non-Marxist Economic Interpretations 281

Economic Models of Criminality 289

Summary 291

11: Sociological Theories of Criminality 295

Social Pathology 296

Social Disorganization 297

From Social Disorganization to Differential Social Organization 303

Culture Conflict 305

Subcultural Theories 309

Anomie Theory: Emile Durkheim 310

Delinquency and Status Frustration: Albert K. Cohen 317

Delinquency and Opportunity: Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin 321

Lower-Class Focal Concerns: Walter B. Miller 325

Summary 328

12: Sociopsychological Theories of Criminality 333

Differential Association: Edwin H. Sutherland 334

Delinquency and Drift: David Matza and Gresham M. Sykes 341

Social Control Theory: Travis Hirschi 347

Containment Theory: Walter C. Reckless 350

Summary 355

13: The Labeling Perspective 359

Early Precursors of Labeling 360

Emergence of the Labeling Perspective 361

Interpersonal Relations 364

Organizational Processing 368

Collective Rule Making and Enforcement 370

Critique 371

Conclusions 374

Summary 376

14: Psychiatric and Psychological Theories of Criminality 379

Psychiatry and the Criminality-as-Mental-Illness Approach 381

Psychoanalysis and Criminality 384

The Search for a "Criminal Personality" 387

The Criminal Personality: Yochelson and Samenow 389

Learning Theory and Criminality 392

Learning Theory and Behavior Modification 400

Summary 403

15: Biological Theories of Criminality 406

Genetics and Criminality 411

The Biochemical Approach 415

Learning Disabilities and Delinquency 416

Epilepsy and Criminality 417

Physiological Factors and the Antisocial Personality 418

Toward a Biosocial Theory of Criminality 423

Summary 425

part four: THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 431

16: The Criminal Justice System 435

Components of the Criminal Justice System 438

Criminal Procedure 452

Crime Control Versus Due Process 459

Summary 461

17: Law Enforcement 463

Police Roles and Responsibilities 464

The Structure of American Law Enforcement 466

Delivery of Police Services 469

Coordination with Other Criminal Justice Subsystems 480

Job Stress and Police Personnel 482

Police Use of Deadly Force 484

Professionalism and the Police 486

Summary 490

18: The Judicial Process 494

Initiation of Prosecution 495

Plea Bargaining 500

Pretrial Motions 501

The Criminal Trial 502

Sentencing 508

Appeal and Postconviction Remedies 511

Summary 513

19: Corrections 518

Confinement: Detention and Imprisonment 519

Imprisonment: An Historical Perspective 521

The Contemporary Prison 528

Alternatives to Confinement 533

Summary 545

Glossary 569

Index 582