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PART ONE: BACKGROUND AND SOURCES 3

Ⅰ Historical background 3

Periods in the history of Roman Law 3

The period of the Kings 5

The period of the Republic 6

Praetorian development of the Law 10

The period of the Empire 11

Ⅱ The Concept of Jus and the sources of Roman Law 14

Jus 14

Jus Publicum and Jus Privatum 14

Jus Naturale 15

Jus Gentium 15

Jus Civile 16

Jus Honorarium 17

Jus non Scriptum and Jus Scriptum 17

Sources of Roman Law 17

Ⅲ The codification of Roman Law The ⅩⅡ Tables 21

Other codification prior to Justinian 22

Justinian’s codification of the Law 24

PART TWO: THE LAW OF PERSONS 29

Ⅳ Classification of persons and Capitis Deminutio The law of persons 29

Classification of persons 29

Capitis Deminutio 30

Ⅴ Patria Potestas 32

Its meaning and significance 32

Its creation 34

Its termination 37

Ⅵ Marriage 39

Its nature 39

Sponsalia 39

Its requisites 40

Laws of Augustus 42

Forms of marriage 42

Concubinage 43

Dissolution of marriage 43

Matrimonial property 44

Children 46

Ⅶ Tutors and curators 49

Legal capacity 49

Tutela Impuberum 50

Tutela Perpetua Mulierum 54

Cura 55

Ⅷ Slavery 59

Its nature 59

Legal status of the slave 59

Causes of enslavement 60

Protection of the slave 62

Termination of enslavement 62

Quasi-servility 66

PART THREE: THE LAW OF PROPERTY 71

Ⅸ Division of things 71

Meaning of a “thing” 71

Division of things according to Gaius 71

Division of things according to Justinian 73

Other classifications 74

Ⅹ Ownership and its acquisition 77

Ownership and possession 77

Ownership under Jus Gentium 78

Ownership under Jus Civile 82

Ownership acquired through an agent 85

ⅩⅠ Property rights 89

Rights of ownership and the right to alienate 89

Rights over the property of another 89

Servitudes 90

Other Jura in Re Aliena 94

PART FOUR: THE LAW OF WILLS AND SUCCESSION 101

ⅩⅡ The nature and formalities of succession 101

The nature of succession 101

Validity of a will 102

Types of will and formal requirements 103

Testamenti Factio 105

Opening and interpretation of a will 107

Invalidation of a will 107

ⅩⅢ Heirs and the inheritance 109

Formal appointment 109

Types of heir 109

Substitution of heirs 110

Co-heirs 111

Vesting of the inheritance 111

Forfeiture of the inheritance 112

Liability for debts 112

Disherison 113

Querela Inoffciosi Testamenti 114

Legacies 116

Codicils and trusts 118

Bonorum Possessio 120

ⅩⅣ Intestate succession 122

Its nature 122

Under the ⅩⅡ Tables 122

By Praetorian edict 123

Under Justinian 125

Other types of succession to an entire estate 126

PART FIVE: THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS 131

ⅩⅤ The nature of obligations and contracts 131

Obligations 131

The nature of contract 132

Classification of contracts 133

The extinction of obligations 134

The insolvent debtor 136

ⅩⅥ Contracts—1. Real, Literal and Verbal Contracts 139

Obligationes Re 139

Mutuum 139

Commodatum 141

Depositum 141

Pignus 142

Obligationes Litteris 143

Obligationes Verbis 144

Stipulationes Conventionales 144

Stipulationes Judiciales, Praetoriae, Communes 145

Invalid stipulations 146

Adstipulatio 146

Stipulations of slaves 146

Other verbal contracts 147

ⅩⅦ Contracts—2. Consensual Contracts 149

Obligationes Consensu 149

Emptio Venditio 149

Locatio Conductio 152

Societas 154

Mandatum 156

ⅩⅧ Contracts—3. Innominate Contracts, Pacts and Quasi-contract 160

Innominate contracts 160

Pacts 161

Obligationes quasi ex contractu 162

ⅩⅨ Delicts 165

The nature of delicts 165

Injuria 165

Damnum Injuria Datum 166

Furtum 169

Rapina 171

Praetorian delicts 172

ⅩⅩ Quasi-delicts and noxal surrender 174

Quasi-delicts 174

Noxal surrender 175

PART SIX: THE LAW OF ACTIONS 181

ⅩⅩⅠ The Legis Actiones Procedure 181

The Law of actions 181

Legis Actiones 181

Events preceding the trial 182

The trial 182

Events following the trial 184

ⅩⅩⅡ The Formulary system 187

Nature of the system 187

Types of action under the formulary system 187

Events preceding the trial 188

The trial 189

The formula 191

Events following the trial 194

ⅩⅩⅢ Extraordinary procedure: Praetorian interdicts and other remedies: Appeals 196

Cognitio Extraordinaria 196

Events preceding the trial 196

The trial 197

Events following the trial 198

Praetorian interdicts 198

Uti Possidetis and Utrubi 198

Unde Vi and Quorum Bonorum 199

Other Praetorian remedies 200

Appeals 200

APPENDIXES 202

Ⅰ Dates in the history of Roman Law 202

Ⅱ Examination Technique 204

Ⅲ Specimen Test Papers 208

INDEX 213