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CHAPTER Ⅰ:GENERAL INTRODUCTION:STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND METHOD OF STUDY 1

PART Ⅰ:THE APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 11

CHAPTER Ⅱ:THE CONFUSION OVER THE SOURCES AND THE NORMATIVE CONCEPT OF LAW 13

CHAPTER Ⅲ:CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 17

3.1 Introduction:doctrine and the sources of international law 17

3.2 Some aspects of the normative concept of international law:its function and functioning 19

CHAPTER Ⅳ:THE NORMATIVE CONCEPT AND SOME BASIC APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 29

4.1 Introduction 29

4.2 Legal idealism 30

4.3 The analytical approach 34

4.4 The sociological approach 39

4.5 The middle path of Structural Positivism 44

4.5.1 Introduction 44

4.5.2 The union of primary and secondary rules 46

4.5.3 Structural Positivism and international law 53

CHAPTER Ⅴ:CONCEPT OF SOURCES 57

5.1 The preliminary question of terminology 57

5.2 Introduction 61

5.3 Basic features of the international society 61

5.4 The changes in the structure of international society 65

5.5 The basis of the binding force of international law 71

5.6 The constitutive element of rules of international law 76

5.7 Manifestations of consent or acceptance;the impact of the changed structure of the international society 81

PART Ⅱ:THE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 83

CHAPTER Ⅳ:CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 85

6.1 Doctrine and customary international law 85

6.2 The nature of customary international law 90

6.2.1 Introduction 90

6.2.2 Opinio juris and usus 91

6.2.2.1 The so-called stages-theory 91

6.2.2.2 Advantages of the stages-theory 93

6.2.2.3 Questions concerning the change of customary international law 97

6.2.3 Opinio juris;remaining issues 106

6.2.4 Usus;remaining issues 106

6.3 The declining role of custom as a source of international law 113

CHAPTER Ⅶ:TREATIES 117

7.1 The proliferation of treaties 117

7.2 Shortcomings of treaties 119

7.2.1 Introduction 119

7.2.2 Problems of acceptibility 120

7.2.3 Problems of adaptation 124

7.2.4 The shift of the content of international law;the relation between conduct, law and policy 126

7.2.5 Problems of change 128

CHAPTER Ⅷ:GENERAL PRINCIPLES 131

8.1 The continuing debate on the general principles 131

8.2 The denial of the existence of the general principles as a source of international law 132

8.3 The meaning of the phrase "general principles of law recognized by civilized nations" 133

8.3.1 Introduction 133

8.3.2 The genesis of article 38 (1)(c) 135

8.3.2.1 A preliminary question 135

8.3.2.2 The work of the 1920 Avisory Committee of Jurists 136

8.3.3 The general principles within the framework of the International Court of Justice 139

8.3.3.1 Introduction 139

8.3.3.2 General principles on the basis of reception from municipal legal systems 140

8.3.3.3 General principles through induction from existing rules of international law 143

8.3.3.4 The limited use by the international Court of Justice of the gereral principles as a source of international law 144

8.3.4 The general principles outside the framework of the International Court of Justice 146

8.3.5 The distinction between general principles in the procedural and in the material sense 148

8.3.6 Excursus:Jus Cogens 151

8.3.6.1 Introduction 151

8.3.6.2 The hierarchy of rules of international law 151

8.3.6.3 The basis of international jus cogens 153

8.3.6.4 The concept of jus cogens in international law 154

8.3.6.5 Indentification and validity of norms of international jus cogens 156

8.3.6.6 Change of norms of international jus cogens 166

CHAPTER Ⅸ:ARTICLE 38:SUBSIDIARY MEANS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RULES OF LAW 169

9.1 Judicial decisions 169

9.2 Teachings of the most qualified publicists of the various nations 176

CHAPTER Ⅹ:SOME CONCLUSIONS:THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS "OTHER SOURCES" AND THE "SOFT LAW" APPROACH 179

PART Ⅲ:TENTATIVE REFORMULATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF SOURCES 193

CHAPTER Ⅺ:PRELIMINARY ISSUES 195

11.1 Can the sources of international law change? 195

11.2 The formless character of international law 199

CHAPTER Ⅻ:FIVE PROJECTED CLASSES OF MANIFESTATIONS OF CONSENT OR ACCEPTANCE:GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 205

12.1 Introduction:points of departure 205

12.2 International law-making as a continuous process 206

12.3 The relation between the classes of manifestations of consent or acceptance and the traditional sources of international law 208

12.4 The relation between the various classes of manifestations of consent or acceptance inter se 209

12.5 The role of international organizations 210

12.6 The producer-consumer distinction 212

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ:OUTLINE OF THE INDIVIDUAL CLASSES OF MANIFESTATIONS OF CONSENT OR ACCEPTANCE 215

13.1 Introduction 215

13.2 Abstract statements 216

13.3 Travaux préparatoires lato sensu 219

13.3.1 Introduction 219

13.3.2 Circumstances of preparation and adoption 221

13.3.3 The decision-making process 224

13.3.3.1 Introduction 224

13.3.3.2 The increased use of the consensus-technique 226

13.3.3.3 The nature of the consensus-technique 227

13.3.3.4 Non-voting 229

13.3.3.5 Non-objection 231

13.3.3.6 Thoroughness 233

13.4 The text 234

13.4.1 Introduction 234

13.4.2 Substantive provisions 235

13.4.2.1 Introduction 235

13.4.2.2 The type of language employed 235

13.4.2.3 The content of a rule 239

13.4.2.4 The relation with existing rules of international law 240

13.4.2.5 Excursus:a concrete exemple;the question of the existence of international legal obligations concerning Official Development Assistance 242

13.4.3 Qualifying provisions 247

13.4.3.1 Introduction 247

13.4.3.2 The name of an instrument 248

13.4.3.3 Preambular paragraphs 249

13.4.3.4 Final clauses 251

13.5 Follow-up 256

13.5.1 Introduction 256

13.5.2 Enforcement,supervision,follow-up 258

13.5.2.1 The review-function 258

13.5.2.2 The correction-function 258

13.5.2.3 The creative-function 261

13.5.2.4 Development of the law 263

13.5.3 Follow-up with respect to formally binding rules 265

13.5.4 Follow-up with respect to formally non-binding rules 270

13.6 Subsequent practice 275

13.7 Summary 279

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ:CONCLUDING REMARKS 281

BIBLIOGRAPHY 295

INDEX 309