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Chapter Ⅰ.Introduction 1

Climate Change： A Defining Human Development Challenge for the 21st Century 1

The International Climate Change Regime 2

The International Human Rights Regime 4

Linking Climate Impacts and Human Rights 8

Chapter Ⅱ. Human Rights Impacts of Climate Change： A Survey of Illustrative Examples 11

Climate Change threatens the right to life 12

Climate Change threatens the right to adequate food 14

Climate Change threatens the right to health 15

Climate Change threatens the right to water 16

Climate Change threatens the right to adequate housing 17

Climate Change may affect the realization of a range of other human rights 18

Chapter Ⅲ. International Environmental Law & Human Rights Law： Basic Concepts 20

Sources of International Law 20

（a） Treaties 21

（b） Customary International Law 21

（c） Peremptory Norms of Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes 22

（d） General Principles of International Law 25

（e） Conclusions on Sources of International Law 26

Public International Law Approaches and Beyond： Human Rights vs.“Human Rights Approaches” 27

Chapter Ⅳ. Application of Human Rights Law to Climate Change 29

General Relevance of Human Rights to the Climate Change Debate 29

Lessons from “Environmental Human Rights Jurisprudence” 31

（a） Duties to regulate private as well as state actions 31

（b） Procedural and Substantive Standards 32

Environmental Rights： A “Human Right to a Healthy Environment 36

Applying Environmental Human Rights Law to Climate Change 39

Concluding Comments 43

Chapter V.UNFCCC， Kyoto Protocol and Human Rights Frameworks： Complementarities & Challenges 45

Introduction 45

“Do no harm：” A Core Obligation Common to MEAs and Human Rights 45

The Principle （or Duty） of International Cooperation 47

Equity & “Common But Differentiated Responsibility 49

（a） Accommodating diversity： differential treatment 50

（b） Common But Differentiated Responsibility 52

（c） “Polluter pays” principle 53

（d） Conclusions on human rights， equity and “Common But Differentiated Responsibility” 53

Conclusions on Complementarities and Tensions 54

Chapter Ⅵ.Potential Operational Implications & Areas for Further Research 55

A Frame for Policy Choices 55

（a） A Normative Focus on Human Welfare 56

（b） Procedural human rights standards - improving decision-making processes 56

（c） Substantive human rights standards - a focus on outcomes 57

Strengthening Legal Accountability 58

Quantitative Assessments of Human Rights Performance 59

Engaging the Private Sector 60

Technology Access and Transfer 61

A New International Instrument on Climate Change Displacement？ 63

Chapter Ⅶ.List Of References 66

Annex Ⅰ： Key Impacts 94

Annex Ⅱ： Parties To Human Rights And Climate Treaties 95

Notes 100