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CHAPTER Ⅰ.NATIONALITY OF VESSELS 1

A.Introduction 1

B.The Right of States to Confer Nationality Upon a Ship 3

1.General Principle 3

2.Limitations 3

3.Genuine Link 5

C.Documentation and Registration 8

D.Ships or Vessels 12

CHAPTER Ⅱ.DUTIES AND JURISDICTION OF FLAG STATE AND RESTRICTIONS ON JURISDICTION OF STATES OVER FOREIGN VESSELS 15

A.Duties of Flag State 15

B.Jurisdiction of Flag State and Restrictions on Jurisdiction of States Over Foreign Vessels 17

1.High Seas 17

2.United States Practice Concerning Search and Seizure on the High Seas 23

3.Contiguous Zone 27

4.Exclusive Economic Zone 28

5.Territorial Waters 28

6.Internal Waters and Ports 28

7.Jurisdiction Over Ships Owned by Nationals 28

8.Government Vessels 31

9.Special United States Statutes 34

CHAPTER Ⅲ.THE BASELINE FOR DETERMINING ZONES OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION 36

A.Introduction 36

B.Normal Baseline:The Low-Water Line 38

C.Rivers 39

D.Bays 41

E.Islands 46

F.Low-Tide Elevations 49

G.Harbors and Roadsteads 50

H.Straight Baselines 51

I.Archipelagic States 56

J.Historic Inland Waters,Including Historic Bays 58

CHAPTER Ⅳ.BOUNDARIES OF MARITIME JURISDICTION BETWEEN ADJACENT AND OPPOSITE STATES 60

A.Territorial Sea 60

B.Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone: 63

1.General Rule-Delimitation by Agreement 63

2.Rules to Be Applied -in the Absence of Agreement 65

3.United States Practice 75

C.Boundary Dispute Resolution 77

CHAPTER Ⅴ.INTERNAL WATERS AND PORTS 79

A.Internal Waters and Ports 79

B.Freedom of Access to Ports 79

C.Jurisdiction Over Foreign Vessels While in Port 85

D.Jurisdiction of Flag State Over Vessels in Foreign Ports or Internal Waters 90

E.Enlarged Port State Jurisdiction 91

F.Deepwater Ports 93

CHAPTER Ⅵ.THE TERRITORIAL SEA 94

A.Coastal State Sovereignty Over the Territorial Sea 94

B.Breadth of the Territorial Sea 95

C.The Right of Innocent Passage 97

D.Transit Passage 106

E.Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage 110

F.United States Territorial Sea and the Rights of the States 111

G.Contiguous Zone 113

CHAPTER Ⅶ.EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE 115

A.From Fishery Zones to an Exclusive Economic Zone 115

B.Management and Conservation of the Living Resources Within the EEZ 123

C.Rights of Geographically Disadvantaged and Land-Locked States in the EEZ 129

D.Species Subject to Special Rules 131

E.Enforcement of Conservation and Management Measures 133

F.United States Legislation Relating to Conservation and Exploitation of the Living Resources in the EEZ 135

G.Other Uses of the Exclusive Economic Zone 141

H.Marine Scientific Research 142

I.Artificial Islands and Installations 144

CHAPTER Ⅷ.CONTINENTAL SHELF 150

A.Early Developments 150

B.Definition and Delimitation 153

C.Rights and Duties of the Coastal State Over the Continental Shelf 159

D.Sedentary Fisheries 163

E.Marine Scientific Research on the Continental Shelf 165

F.United States Practice and Legislation Relating to the Continental Shelf 165

CHAPTER Ⅸ.EXPLOITATION OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE DEEP SEABED 172

A.Current Status of the Legal Regime of the Deep Seabed 172

B.Seabed Mining Under the LOS Convention 180

C.United States Legislation 185

CHAPTER Ⅹ.PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 191

A.General Principles 191

B.Vessel Source Pollution 196

1.Flag State Jurisdiction 197

2.Coastal State Jurisdiction in Ports and in the Territorial Sea 198

3.Coastal State Jurisdiction in the EEZ 199

C.Pollution From Land-Based Sources 200

D.Ocean Dumping 202

E.Pollution From Seabed Activities Subject to National Jurisdiction 205

F.Pollution From Deep Seabed Mining 207

G.Pollution From or Through the Atmosphere 208

H.Protection of Fragile Ecosystems 208

I.Responsibility and Liability 210

J.Enforcement 219

1.Flag State Enforcement 219

2.Coastal State Enforcement 221

3.Port State Enforcement 223

4.Overlapping Jurisdiction 224

5.Liability for Wrongful Enforcement 225

K.Notification and Cooperative Action 226

L.Government Noncommercial Ships 227

CHAPTER Ⅺ.HIGH SEAS FREEDOM 228

A.General Principles 228

B.Reservation of the High Seas for Peaceful Purposes 229

C.Freedom of Navigation 231

D.Freedom of Overflight 233

E.Freedom of Fishing 233

F.Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and Pipelines 235

G.Freedom to Construct Artificial Islands 236

H.Freedom of Scientific Research 237

CHAPTER Ⅻ.SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES 238

Index 247