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1 GUILTY！ NOW WHAT? 1

Chapter Objectives 1

Introduction 1

Guilty！ Now What? 2

Current Sentencing Practices 5

The Task of Corrections 13

The Alternatives for Corrections 15

Community-Focused Corrections 17

Conclusion 19

Exercises 20

Exercise References 21

2 HISTORY OF COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS 25

Chapter Objectives 25

Introduction 25

A Historical Overview 26

Jails 28

Probation 32

Temporary Releases 36

Community-Based Residences 40

Parole 44

Community-Based Corrections for Juveniles 46

Recent Developments 47

Exercises 48

Exercise References 49

3 CORRECTIONS FOCUSING ON THE COMMUNITY: 1980 52

Chapter Objectives 52

Introduction 52

Rationale for Community-Based Corrections 53

The Effects of Imprisonment on the Offender 55

Clients of Community-Based Corrections 58

Statewide Community-Based Corrections Programs 60

Public Reaction 63

Success or Failure 65

Conclusion 67

Exercises 68

Exercise References 69

4 JAILS 73

Chapter Objectives 73

Introduction 73

Jails Today 76

Jails as Institutions for Reintegration 82

Alternatives to Jail 88

Appraisal 93

Conclusion 95

Exercises 96

Exercise References 97

5 PROBATION 100

Chapter Objectives 100

Introduction 100

Rationale 101

The Pros and Cons of Probation 101

Administration of Probation 102

The Selection Process 104

Role of the Probation Officer 107

The Probationary Relationship 108

Trends in Probation 114

Innovative Programs in Probation 115

Evaluation 118

Appraisal 120

Conclusion 121

Exercises 122

Exercise References 122

6 PREPARING THE OFFENDER FOR THE COMMUNITY 125

Chapter Objectives 125

Introduction 125

The Prison Classification Process as Preparation for Release 127

Correctionalization 128

Conjugal Visiting 133

The Prison Work Experience 135

Inmate Self-Government 140

Prerelease Centers 145

Examination of Prerelease Programs 150

Conclusion 153

Exercises 154

Exercise References 155

7 COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE FOR THE OFFENDER 158

Chapter Objectives 158

Introduction 158

Rationale for Preparing the Community for the Offender 158

Steps to Develop Community Assistance 160

Educating the Public 160

Volunteers in Corrections 163

Creating Jobs for Offenders 171

Community Assistance for the Offender’s Family 177

Conclusion 180

Exercises 181

Exercise References 182

8 THE TRANSITION TO THE COMMUNITY 185

Chapter Objectives 185

Introduction 185

Bridges to the Community 186

Goals 187

Selection of Candidates 189

Preparation of a Community-Based Corrections Plan 192

Supervision of the Offender 194

Evaluation of Bridges to the Community 198

Other Benefits of Transitional Strategies 202

Appraisal 204

Conclusion 207

Exercises 208

Exercise References 209

9 COMMUNITY-BASED RESIDENTIAL PROGRAMS 211

Chapter Objectives 211

Introduction 211

Types of Facilities 213

Residents of Community-Based Housing 214

Development of the Community-Based Residence 215

Supervision of Residents 217

Programs for Community-Based Residences 218

Problems Encountered 222

Appraisal 225

Conclusion 228

Exercises 229

Exercise References 230

10 PAROLE 232

Chapter Objectives 232

Introduction 232

Parole Today 234

Release from Prison 235

The Parole Board 237

The Selection Process 239

Parole Supervision 246

Release from Parole 250

Evaluation of Parole 254

Should Parole Be Abolished? 257

Appraisal 258

Conclusion 261

Exercises 262

Exercise References 263

11 COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAMS FOR JUVENILES 266

Chapter Objectives 266

Introduction 266

Juvenile Court 267

Status Offenses 269

Delinquent Behavior 274

Juvenile Community-Based Programs 275

Juvenile Diversion 276

Community-Based Residences for Juveniles 284

Parole or Aftercare 287

Appraisal 288

Conclusion 291

Exercises 292

Exercise References 292

12 REFLECTIONS FROM THE FIELD 297

Chapter Objectives 297

Introduction 297

Research 298

Cost-Benefit Analysis 301

Accreditation 304

Corrections Reform 307

Prevention of Crime and Delinquency 310

Conclusion 315

Exercises 318

Exercise References 319

EPILOGUE 324

Introduction 324

“Practical” Approaches to Imprisonment 325

The Future of Incarceration 328

Which Path to Take? 330

What Kind of Imprisonment? 332

The Future of Community-Focused Corrections 339

Conclusion 341

BIBLIOGRAPHY 344

INDEXES 359