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CHAPTER Ⅰ BACTERIA 1

Saprophytic Luminous Species 1

Classification 6

Parasitic Luminous Species 9

Symbiotic Luminous Species 10

Structure 11

Purpose of the Light;Uses to Man 14

Immune Reactions 14

Bacteriophage 17

Culture Media and Metabolism 18

Carbohydrates and Polyhydric Alcohols 19

Organic Acids 21

Nitrogen Sources 22

Growth Curves 24

Mutants 26

Luciferin-luciferase Reaction 30

Enzymes 32

Relation to Oxygen 33

Luminous Bacteria as Tests for Oxygen 34

Luminescence and Oxygen Pressure 36

Respiration and Oxygen Pressure 37

Bacterial Luminescence and Cell Respiration 38

Flash Kinetics 42

Mechanism of Light Emission 46

Reducing Action 47

Relation to pH 50

Osmotic Pressure 53

Effect of Salts 54

Permeability 58

Effect of Radiation 59

Visible Light 59

Ultraviolet 61

X-rays,Radium Rays,etc 63

Electrons,Ionized Air,etc 64

Effect of High-frequency Sound Waves 64

Effect of Temperature 64

Very Low Temperatures 66

Very High Temperatures 66

Luminescence-temperature Curve 67

The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure 70

Action of Drugs 72

Narcotics and Anesthetics 75

Sulfa Drugs 76

Quinones 77

Antibiotics 78

Alkaloids and Glucosides 79

Hormones 79

Dyes 80

Dinitrophenols 80

Cyanide 81

Carbon Monoxide 81

Azide 82

Arsenite 83

Iodoacetate 83

Fluoride 83

Pyrophosphate 83

Heavy Metals 83

Effect of Heavy Water 85

Intensity of Light Emission 85

Spectral Distribution 87

The Emission Spectrum 87

Penetrating Radiation 90

Biological Effects 90

Efficiency of Light Production 91

CHAPTER Ⅱ FUNGI 96

Introduction 96

Distribution of Luminescence;Classification 97

Ascomycetes 99

Basidiomycetes,Agaricales 99

Basidiomycetes,Phallales 107

Genetic Studies 108

Histology 110

Nutritional Requirements 110

Relation to Oxygen 112

Effect of Temperature 113

Effect of Light 114

Effect of Drugs 114

Biochemistry 115

Physical Properties 116

CHAPTER Ⅲ PROTOZOA AND PORIFERA 118

PROTOZOA 118

Classification 118

Radiolaria 119

Structure 121

Physiology and Biochemistry 121

Dinoflagellates 122

Colored Sea Water and Luminescence 124

Possible Luminescence of Fresh Water Flagellates 126

Classification 126

Day and Night Rhythms of Luminescence 128

Use of Light 129

Morphology 130

Physiology 130

Noctiluca miliaris 132

Structure 133

Regulation of Density 135

Tentacle Movement and Contractility 136

Luminescence 137

Biochemistry 144

Physical Characteristics 145

PORIFERA 145

CHAPTER Ⅳ CNIDARIA 148

CLASSIFICATION 148

HYDROZOA 149

Hydroids 151

Hydromedusae 153

Histology 154

Physiology 157

Biochemistry 157

Siphonophora 158

SCYPHOZOA 160

Introduction 160

Histology 162

Physiology 163

Electrical Stimulation 163

Ion Effects 164

Effect of Illumination 166

Biochemistry 167

ANTHOZOA 168

Alceonacea and Gorgonacea 169

Pennatulacea 170

Luminescence of Zoophytes 170

Histology 171

Excitation and Transmission 173

Inhibition 175

Electroluminogram 176

Effect of Salts 176

Effect of Illumination 177

Action of Drugs 178

Biochemistry 178

Physical Characteristics 180

CHAPTER Ⅴ CTENOPHORA 181

Introduction 181

Luminescent Eggs 183

Morphology 185

Histology 186

Physiology 187

Effect of Illumination 189

Relation to Oxygen 193

Biochemistry 193

CHAPTER Ⅵ MISCELLANEOUS SMALL GROUPS 195

TURBELLARIA 195

NEMERTINEA or RHYNCHOCOELA 196

Introduction 196

Histology 197

Physiology and Biochemistry 198

ROTATORIA 199

POLYZOA(BRYOZOA ECTOPROCTA) 199

CHAETOGNATHA 201

ENTEROPNEUSTA OR HEMICHORDATA 202

Histology 203

Physiology 204

Biochemistry 204

CHAPTER Ⅶ ANNELIDA 206

INTRODUCTION 206

POLYCHAETA 207

Aphroditidae,Polynoinae 209

General 209

Histology 211

Physiology 214

Biochemistry 215

Alciopidae 216

Tomopteridae 216

Syllidae 218

Swarming Reactions 218

Histology 221

Biochemistry 222

Nereidae 223

Chaetopteridae 223

Histology 225

Physiology 228

Biochemistry 229

Use of Light 229

Cirratulidoe 230

Terebellidae 231

Histology 232

Biochemistry 233

OLIGOCHAETA 233

General 233

Region of Luminescence 234

Use of Light 236

Physiology 236

Relation to Luminous Bacteria 237

Biochemistry 238

CHAPTER Ⅷ MOLLUSCA EXCEPT CEPHALOPODA 242

CLASSIFICATION 242

GASTROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA 243

Pteropods 244

Nudibranchs 244

Plocamopherus 245

Kaloplocamus 248

Phyllirho? 248

GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA 253

Doliacea 253

Heteropoda 253

GASTROPODA PULMONATA 254

Dyakia striata 255

Latia neritoides 256

PELECYPODA OR BIVALVIA 259

Pholas dactylus 259

Histology 262

Biochemistry 264

Use of Light 267

Rocellaria grandis 267

CHAPTER Ⅸ CEPHALOPODA 269

INTRODUCTION 269

VAMPYROMORPHA 272

DECAPODA 274

Squid Associated with Luminous Bacteria 274

General 274

Histology 276

Bacteriology 278

Squid Producing a Luminous Secretion,Heteroteuthis dispar 281

Morphology and Histology 281

Biochemistry 282

Use of Light 283

Squid with Photophores and Intracellular Luminescence 283

Histology 289

Physiology 294

Biochemistry 295

OCTOPODA 296

CHAPTER Ⅹ CRUSTACEA 297

CLASSIFICATION 297

OSTRACODA 299

General 299

Life History 302

Histology 302

Luciferin and Luciferase 305

Relation to Oxygen 306

Oxidized Luciferin and Reversibility of the Reaction 307

Specificity of Luciferin and Luciferase 309

Purification of Luciferin 310

Properties of Purified Luciferin 312

Effect of Light 313

Relation to Adenosine Triphosphate 314

Structure of Luciferin 314

Properties of Oxidized Luciferin 317

Luciferin-Luciferase Combination 317

Purification of Luciferase 318

Properties of Luciferase 318

Kinetics of Cypridina Luminescence 319

Methods 319

General Laws 321

Mechanism of Light Emission 324

Effect of Temperature 325

Effect of Pressure 327

Effect of H-Ion Concentration 327

Effect of Salts 328

Effect of Drugs and Narcotics 329

Effect of Heavy Water 329

Physical Characteristics of the Light 329

COPEPODA 331

General 331

Morphology and Histology 334

Biochemistry 335

ISOPODA 336

AMPHIPODA 337

MYSIDACEA 340

EUPHAUSIACEA OR SCHIZOPODA 341

General 341

Histology 344

DECAPODA 345

General 345

Histology 349

Physiology 352

Biochemistry 353

CHAPTER Ⅺ ARACHNOIDEA AND MYRIAPODA 355

ARACHNOIDEA 355

Araneae 356

Pycnogonida 357

MYRIAPODA 357

Diplopoda 358

Chilopoda 359

Luminescence and Breeding Season 361

Use of the Light 362

Morphology and Histology 362

Physiology and Biochemistry 364

CHAPTER Ⅻ INSECTA EXCEPT COLEOPTERA 366

Classification 366

Collembola 367

Orthoptera 371

Isoptera 371

Ephemeroptera 372

Hemiptera 372

Lepidoptera 376

Luminous Caterpillars 376

Adult Moths 377

Arctia caja 378

Diptera 379

Midges 380

Ceroplatus 381

Platyura 382

The New Zealand Glow-worm 384

Hymenoptera 387

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ COLEOPTERA 389

INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION 389

CANTHAROIDEA OR MALACODERMATA 391

Lampyridae 392

Fossils 394

Morphology 394

Eggs and Embryology 396

Aquatic Fire-Fly Larvae 400

Habits and Bionomics 401

Histology 407

Physiology and Time Relations of the Flash 415

Mechanism of Flashing 419

Relation to Oxygen 421

Microscopic Observation of Light Emission 426

Action Potentials 427

Thermal Changes during a Flash 427

Temperature and Luminescence 428

Effect of Pressure 430

Effect of Light 431

Effect of Various Substances 432

Luciferin and Luciferase 435

Adenosine Triphosphate 436

Purification and Properties of Luciferin 437

Luciferase 439

The Photogenic System in Different Fire-Flies 439

Luciferesceine 439

Flavin 441

Lampyrine 443

Enzymes 443

Physical Properties of the Light 444

Phengodidae 447

Rhagophthalmidae 450

Drilidae 451

Diplocladon,theStar Worm 451

Phrixothrix,theRailroad Worm 452

ELATEROIDEA 460

Elateridae 460

Histology 463

Physiology 463

Biochemistry 467

Physical Properties 469

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ ECHINODERMATA 472

Classification 472

Cases of Doubtful Luminosity 472

Ophiuroidea 473

Biology 474

Histology 476

Physiology 477

Biochemistry 478

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ TUNICATA OR UROCHORDATA 480

CLASSIFICATION 480

LARVACEA 481

THALIACEA 482

Pyrosoma 483

Histology and Embryology 484

Physiology 486

Biochemistry 488

Physical Characteristics of the Light 490

Salpa 490

Histology 491

ASCIDIACEA 493

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ PISCES 494

INTRODUCTION 494

CHIMAERAE OR HOLOCEPHALI 496

ELASMOBRANCHII 496

Sharks 496

Observations of Luminescence 496

Histology 500

Physiology and Biochemistry 500

Rays 502

TELEOSTOMI 502

Accessory Eyes 502

Observation of Luminescence 503

Distribution of Luminous Deep Sea Fish 504

Classification 507

Fossil Luminous Fish 509

Teleosts of Doubtful Luminosity 509

Distribution of Light Organs 511

Fish with Open Glands,Mostly Containing Luminous Bacteria 512

Anacanthini,Macrouridae 513

Anacanthini,Gadidae 517

Bercycomorphi,Monocentridae 518

Bercycomorphi,Anomalopidae 520

Percomorphi,Acropomatidae 525

Percomorphi,Leiognathidae 526

Percomorphi,Serranidae 528

Pediculati 528

Lyomeri,Saccopharyngidae 533

Fish with Skin Photophores 535

Haplodoci,Batrachoididae 535

Isospondyli and Iniomi 539

ADDENDA 555

BIBLIOGRAPHY 556