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1 Introduction 1

The City 1

2 The Banking System （The London Money Market） Part 1 9

The Bank of England 9

The Nationalisation of the Bank 18

Monetart Control 19

3 The Banking System (The London Money Market) Part 2 29

The Other Banks 29

Banking Policy 31

The Clearing System 35

Accepting Houses and the Discount Market 36

Treasury Bills 41

The Euro-dollar Market 43

4 The Capital Market 50

Savings and Investments 50

Short-and Long-Term Credit 51

The New Issue Market 52

Investment Trusts and Unit Trusts 56

5 The Stock Exchange 62

Organisation of the Stock Exchange 64

Brokers and Jobbers 66

The Choice for the Investor 68

Transfers and Settlements 73

Settlements and Accounts 74

‘Bulls’,‘Bears’ and ‘Stags’ 75

The Importance of the Stock Exchange 77

6 Foreign Exchanges 83

Rates of Exchange 83

The Foreign Exchange Market 84

The Gold Standard 86

The Balance of Payments 92

Stabilisation Funds 96

Spot and Forward Exchanges 98

Foreign Exchange Control 99

The Sterling Area 103

7 Shipping and Marine Insurance 113

The Merchant Navy 113

Changes and Problems 113

The Baltic Exchange 117

Lloyd’s 119

8 Foreign Trade 133

Imports and Exports 133

The Terms of Trade 137

Distribution and Organisation of Foreign Trade 138

Statistics 141

Customs and Excise Duties 142

Bonded Warehouses and Drawback 145

Free Ports 148

Import and Export Controls 149

9 Markets 158

The Commodity Markets 158

Spot and Futures Markets 160

Hedging 162

How the Markets Work 163

10 Distribution and Marketing 177

Self-service Stores and Supermarkets 177

Branded Goods and Patents 183

Resale Price Maintenance 186

Hire Purchase 189

Consumer Guidance 191

Standardisation 194

Market Research 196

Advertising 201

11 Organisations in Trade and Industry 211

Rationalisation 211

Cartels and Trusts 212

Employers’ Organisations 217

The Trade Unions and the TUC 220

12 Industrial Relations 229

Wage Agreements and Arbitration 229

Cost of Living Index 230

Strikes and Lockouts 233

Incentive Schemes 235

Equal Pay 239

Human Relations 241

Automation 245

Nationalisation 247

13 Monopolies and Restrictive Practices 260

Monopolies and Restrictive Practices in Trade and Industry 260

The Monopolies Commission 261

The Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1956 263

The Monopolies and Mergers Act 1965 265

Restrictive Practices in the Trade Unions 266

14 Economic Problems 275

Trade Cycles 275

Employment and Unemployment 279

Planned or Free Economy 283

Planning in Britain 285

Competition versus Monopoly 289

Currency Fluctuations 292

15 International Problems 301

International Co-operation 301

The World Bank 302

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) 303

International Liquidity Shortage 305

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 307

The Reconstruction of Europe 308

Britain and the Common Market 316

Index 328