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PART ONE: THE SUBSTANCE OF ACCOUNTABILITY 1

Chapter 1. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS: ACCOUNTABLE FOR WHAT? 3

Make Laws Work as Intended 4

Exercise Lawful and Sensible Discretion 7

Initiate Changes in Policies and Programs 9

Enhance Citizen Confidence in the Administrative Institutions of Government 13

Notes 15

Chapter 2. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS: ACCOUNTABLE TO WHOM? 16

The Public Administrator and the Elected Chief Executive 17

The Public Administrator and the Legislature 21

The Public Administrator and the Citizen 23

The Public Administrator and the News Media 26

An Overall View 27

Notes 27

PART TWO: THE PROCESSES OF ACCOUNTABILITY 29

Chapter 3. ACCOUNTABILITY PROCESSES WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH 31

Supervisory Direction and Review 32

The Budget Process 33

Internal Audit 36

External Audit 42

Special Problems in Accountability 44

Notes 48

Chapter 4. ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS AND METHODS USED BY THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 49

Sources of Information 50

Casework 51

The Appropriations Process 51

Special Oversight Roles of the House Committee on Government Operations and the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs 58

Advice and Consent 59

Legislative Veto 62

Legislative Audit Agencies 64

Nonstatutory Informal Oversight 66

Other Considerations 68

Notes 70

Chapter 5. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE ACCOUNTABILITY PROCESS 72

Public Hearings 73

Polls 74

Advisory Committees 75

"Maximum Feasible Participation" 76

The Ombudsman 77

Investigative Reporting 78

Political Parties 80

Special Interest Groups 83

"Better-Government" Interest Groups 86

Summing Up 92

Notes 93

Chapter 6. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATION ACTIONS 94

A Hierarchy of Courts 94

Power of Judicial Review 95

Activist Courts 98

The Administrative Procedure Act 100

Cases Exceed Capacity 102

Accountability to the Justice Department 103

Personal Liability 106

The Changing Nature of Judicial Review 108

The Value of Judicial Review 110

Notes 110

Chapter 7. OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY 112

Freedom of Information Act 112

Right-to-Privacy Laws 115

Sunshine Laws 117

Sunset Laws 118

Civil Service Reform Act 120

Whistle Blowing 125

The Inspector General Act 129

Codes of Ethics 132

Notes 135

PART THREE: THE FUTURE 137

Chapter 8. PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVING ACCOUNTABILITY 139

Valid and Comprehensive Performance Measurement 139

Prompt Audit Resolution 141

Clear Legislative Oversight Requirements 144

Legislative Veto of All Agency Rules 146

Rigorous Senate Confirmation 148

Training in Ethics and Individual Responsibility 152

In the Public Interest 156

Notes 157

Chapter 9. IN RETROSPECT 159

Notes 164

APPENDIX. EXAMPLES OF OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS IN HOLDING GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACIES ACCOUNTABLE 165

INDEX 175

ABOUT THE AUTHOR 181