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PART ONE：SETTING THE STAGE 1

Chapter Ⅰ THE NATURE OF THE MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE 1

1. Preliminary Observations 1

2. Limiting the Scope 5

3. Definitional Aspects of the MNE 9

a. Definition of terms relating to the structure of the MNE 9

b. Analysis of current usage 10

4. Operational Aspects of the MNE 13

a. Principal legal and organizational forms and structures 13

b. Relation of legal form to managerial control 17

5. Terminology Selection and Definition Formulation for Purposes of the Present Study 19

6. Conclusion 20

Chapter Ⅱ IMPORTANT PRELIMINARY DISTINCTIONS RE CONTROL AND CONTROL RELATIONSHIPS 23

1. National v. International Control 23

2. Internal v. External Control 24

a. Distinctions: internal v. external/de facto v. de jure control 24

b. Relation to international law 29

c. Relevance of internal control to external legal controls 32

2. ‘National Treatment’ Principle in Practice 91

a. National practice 92

b. EEC and international practice 95

3. Application of Law and Policy 99

a. Fruehauf-France 100

b. ‘Serving two masters’ 103

c. ‘Lifting the veil’ 110

Chapter Ⅵ CONTROL OVER CAPITAL MOVEMENTS 121

1. Host-State Laws and Policy 121

2. MNE Practice 126

Chapter Ⅶ CONTROL THROUGH TAX LEGISLATION 127

1. Transfer Pricing 127

2. Tax Treaties 130

3. Relevant National Tax Laws and Policy 132

4. Evaluation 136

Chapter Ⅲ CONTROL THROUGH DISCLOSURE LEGISLATION 139

1. Generally Applicable Host-State Disclosure Requirement 140

a. National approaches 140

b. Regional approaches 148

c. International approaches 149

2. Problem of Concurrent and Conflicting Jurisdictions 154

a. National trends 154

b. Regional trends 169

c. International trends 170

3. Evaluation 174

Chapter Ⅸ CONTROL THROUGH ‘MERGER’LEGISLATION 177

1. Applicability of Antitrust and the ‘Effects’Doctrine 177

2. Purpose of Anti-Combines Laws 183

3. American v. European Practice 183

4. Model Types of MNE Mergers 186

a. Merger situation Ⅰ：strict territorial principle 188

b. Merger Situation Ⅱ：extension of jurisdiction through home parent to foreign affiliate 189

c. Merger Situation Ⅲ：territorial principle with foreign ramifications 190

d. Merger Situation Ⅳ：‘reverse extra-territoriality’ 191

5. Emergence of New Competition Policy and Legislation 201

6. International Tentatives 229

Chapter Ⅹ CONTROLS OVER OPERATIONS RESULTING IN DISINVESTMENT 235

1. Voluntary v. Involuntary Disinvestment 235

2. Contract Renegotiation 236

a. Shift in bargaining position 236

b. Econonic coercion by host state 242

c. Unreasonable coercion resulting in disinvestment 243

3. ‘Fade-out’ Formula 244

4. Evaluation 246

PAR T FOUR：TECHNIQUES OF RESTRICTIVE HOST-STATE CONTROL OVER FOREIGN MNEs：COERCED DISINVESTMENT 240

Chapter ⅩⅠ EXPROPRIATION：TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS IN TRANSITION 249

1. Definitions 249

2. The Compensation Debate 251

3. Legality Link 256

4. Conclusion 256

Chapter ⅩⅡ “CREEPING EXPROPRIATION” 259

1. Defining the Perimeters 259

2. Terminology，Interpretation and Definitions 260

3. Unreasonable Interference with Ownership：“Canadianization” 263

4. Unreasonable Interference with Management：“Mitbestimmung” 268

a. Bundesverfassungsgericht decision：international implications 271

b. German Gutachten：international implications 272

5. Other Techniques of “Constructive Taking” 276

6. “Constructive Taking” before National Courts and International Tribunals 279

7. “Disguised Expropriation”：Barcelona Traction 281

Conclusion 293

PART FIVE：THE SCOPE FOR INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS 295

Chapter ⅩⅢ NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL CODES AND GUIDELINES 295

1. Overview of Major Current Efforts at International Codes and Guidelines 295

a. The United-Nations-family ‘package’ and related efforts 296

b. The OECD ‘package’ 298

2. Legal Aspects 30

a. Non-legally-binding character 30

b. Prospects for the “minimalist position” 301

c. Prospects for the “maximalist position” 305

d. General prospects 307

3. Non-Legal Aspects 308

a. Non-legally-binding nature as a possible asset 308

b. Tangible non-legal effects 308

4. Addressees 310

a. Directives to home governments 311

b. Directives to MNEs 312

c. Directives to host governments 315

Chapter ⅩⅣ FUNCTION OF INTERNATIONAL CODES AND GUIDELINES 321

1. Protection of Beneficial Free-Flow of Private Investment Capital and Maintenance of Proper Balance of Benefits to MNE and Host Respectively 321

2. Harmonization of National Laws in Certain Key Areas 323

3. Coverage of Those Areas Inadequately Provided for under Municipal Law 323

4. Overall Function 325

Conclusion 325

CONCLUSIONS 327

BIBLIOGRAPHY 331

TABLE OF CASES 11

INDEX 364