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1 Introduction 1

1.1 The objectives， methodology and scope of this book 1

1.2 Diversification and fragmentation under international law 5

1.3 A brief overview of the sources of international law 6

1.4 The conservation of living resources on the high seas： a fragmented international legal framework 10

1.5 Harmonization： systematic integration to overcome fragmentation 16

1.6.Conclusion 19

2 Regulatory jurisdiction over living resources on the high seas 26

2.1 Introduction 26

2.2 The qualifications to the right of freedom of fishing and their effect upon regulatory jurisdiction 31

2.2.1 The vested interest of all states over living resources on the high seas 32

2.2.2 The specific qualifications to the freedom of fishing 40

2.3 Conclusion 72

3 The obligation to take conservation measures for living resources on the high seas 94

3.1 Introduction 94

3.2 Definition， goals and types of conservation measures 95

3.2.1 Pre-UNCLOS Developments 96

3.2.2 The obligation to take conservation measures on the high seas according to UNCLOS 101

3.2.3 Conservation under post-UNCLOS developments 104

3.2.4 The post-UNCLOS treaties 106

3.2.5 The effects of ‘soft law’ 112

3.3 Conclusion 118

4 Specialized conservation measures for particular species on the high seas 129

4.1 Introduction 129

4.2 The conservation of straddling stocks and highly migratory species on the high seas 130

4.3 The conservation of anadromous and catadromous species on the high seas 140

4.4 The conservation of marine mammals on the high seas 145

4.5 The conservation of sedentary species in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction 151

4.6 Conclusion 155

5 The main constituent elements of conservation regimes for living resources on the high seas 166

5.1 Introduction 166

5.2 The legal methodologies 167

5.2.1 The duty to cooperate 167

5.2.2 Promoting compatibility between conservation measures adopted by various states 170

5.2.3 Linkages with science and technology 172

5.2.4 Compliance and enforcement measures 173

5.3 The management principles and concepts 175

5.3.1 Sustainable use of marine living resources on the high seas 175

5.3.2 The precautionary approach 179

5.3.3 The ecosystem approach 182

5.4 Conclusion 187

6 Enforcement jurisdiction on the high seas and the conservation of living resources 193

6.1 Introduction 193

6.2 Legal obstacles to the application of compliance and enforcement measures on the high seas 194

6.2.1 The exclusivity of flag state jurisdiction and its abuse 195

6.2.2 Reflagging of fishing vessels 203

6.3 Conclusion 209

7 The conservation of living resources on the high seas： constituent elements for compliance and enforcement 217

7.1 Introduction 217

7.2 Registration of fishing vessels and the authorization to fish on the high seas 218

7.3 Control， monitoring and surveillance （CMS） 224

7.3.1 Submission of data， reporting and access to information 225

7.3.2 The vessel monitoring system 234

7.3.3 Observer programmes 235

7.3.4 Boarding and inspection 237

7.3.5 Listing of vessels 242

7.4 Internationally agreed market-related measures 243

7.5 Port state control 247

7.6 Settlement of disputes 249

7.7 Conclusion 251

8 Conclusion 262

8.1 The need for harmonization among applicable norms： an overview of the current state of play 262

8.2 A summary of the recommendations for harmonizing applicable regimes 266

Bibliography 284

Index 299