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CHAPTER 1： The Twilight Between Gray and Black 1

CHAPTER 2： What Is Gray？ 3

2.1 Government Regulation 4

2.2 Private Regulation 7

2.3 Trademarks 7

2.4 Patents 9

2.5 Copyrights 10

2.6 Trade Secrets 11

2.7 Restrictive Distribution and Manufacturing Agreements 13

CHAPTER 3： Government Trade Controls 15

3.1 Taxes 16

3.2 Tariffs 17

3.3 Trade Preferences 18

3.4 Quotas 19

3.5 Health and Safety 21

3.6 Public Policy Controls 22

3.7 Foreign Policy and National Security 22

3.8 Antidumping and Countervailing Duties 25

3.9 Safeguards 26

3.10 Labeling 26

3.11 Licensing and Agencies 28

CHAPTER 4： Incentives for the Gray Market 31

4.1 Public Attitudes Toward the Gray Market 32

4.2 You Market， We Sell 33

4.3 Better than Cash 33

4.4 Hedging and Currency Speculation 36

4.5 Philanthropists 36

4.6 Patriots and Terrorists 38

4.7 See No Evil 41

4.8 Conglomerates 48

CHAPTER 5： Acquiring the Merchandise 49

5.1 Open Trading 50

5.2 Classic Gray 52

5.3 Contract Manufacturing 55

5.4 Midnight Runs 55

5.5 Diversion 57

5.6 Faithless Distributors 59

5.7 Organized Retail Theft 60

5.8 Cargo Theft 62

5.9 Sampling Scams 63

5.10 Homemade 66

5.11 Reverse Distributors 69

5.12 Bust-outs 70

5.13 Recycling 73

CHAPTER 6： The Gray Market Bazaar 75

6.1 The Internet 76

6.2 Flea Markets 79

6.3 Street Sales 80

6.4 Liquidation and Surplus 81

6.5 Dollar Stores 82

6.6 Mom and Pop 83

6.7 Box Stores 84

6.8 Your Neighborhood Supermarket 85

6.8.1 Diversion Buyers 85

6.8.2 Repackers 87

6.8.3 Inventory Adjustments 89

CHAPTER 7： The Invisible Souk 91

7.1 A Problem with Numbers 92

7.2 Avoidance vs. Evasion 96

7.3 Willful Blindness 97

7.4 Priorities 101

7.5 Company Softies 103

CHAPTER 8： Strategy 109

8.1 Basic Skills 110

8.2 Strategy 110

CHAPTER 9： Tactics 123

9.1 Falsification of Documents 124

9.2 Establishing Credible Deniability 124

9.3 Acquiring a Legitimate Persona 126

9.4 The Setup； the Legend 127

9.5 Papering Files 128

9.6 Comingling 128

9.7 Disguising Consignees and Consignors 129

9.8 Disguising Provenance 130

9.9 Avoiding Speed Traps 131

9.10 Prevarication Without Blushing 131

9.11 Over-and Under-Invoicing 131

9.12 Multiple Invoicing of Goods and Services 132

9.13 Over-and Under-Shipment of Goods and Services 133

9.14 Hiding and Moving Inventory 134

9.15 Moving Money 135

9.16 Hiring Protection 137

9.17 Hiring Sacrificial Goats 138

9.18 Enforcing Conduct of Collaborators 139

9.19 Avoiding Interception of Communications 139

CHAPTER 10： The Special Case of Pharmaceuticals 141

10.1 Trojan Drugs 144

10.2 Diversion of Charitable Contributions 146

10.3 Internet Sales 147

10.4 The Canadian Connection 149

CHAPTER 11： Where Is the Gray Market？ 153

11.1 International Diversion Markets 154

11.1.1 North America 154

11.1.2 Central America 157

11.1.3 South America 158

11.1.4 Caribbean 158

11.1.5 Europe 159

11.1.6 Middle East/Africa 161

11.1.7 Asia 162

11.2 Counterfeiting 164

11.2.1 North America 164

11.2.2 Central America/Caribbean 165

11.2.3 South America 166

11.2.4 Europe 167

11.2.5 Middle East/Africa 168

11.2.6 Asia 170

CHAPTER 12： Investigating the Gray Market 173

12.1 Monitoring 174

12.2 Returns 181

12.3 Live Cases 182

CHAPTER 13： Practical Responses to the Gray Market 189

13.1 Marking 190

13.2 Pricing 191

13.3 Customers 193

13.4 Culture 195

13.5 Co-option 196

CHAPTER 14： Legal Responses to Gray Marketing 199

14.1 Preparing the Legal Ground 203

CHAPTER 15： Civil Actions against Counterfeiters 207

15.1 Interrelationship between Civil and Criminal Proceedings 209

15.1.1 The Fifth Amendment Privilege 210

15.1.2 Stay of Proceedings 212

15.2 Ex Parte Seizures 213

15.3 Damages against Counterfeiters 214

15.4 Seller’s Liability When Counterfeiting Is Disclosed to the Buyer 216

15.5 Section 337 221

CHAPTER 16： Civil Actions against Diverters 225

16.1 Section 337 232

16.2 Fraud 233

16.3 Tortious Interference with Contract 236

16.3.1 Knowledge of the Contract 240

16.3.2 Inducement 241

CHAPTER 17： Enforcement 243

17.1 Border Enforcement 244

17.2 Enforcing Court Orders 245

17.3 Self-help in Enforcement of Court Orders 248

17.4 Section 337 Enforcement 249

CHAPTER 18： Conclusion 253

APPENDIX A 255

APPENDIX B 259

GLOSSARY 271

BIBLIOGRAPHY 275

TABLE OF CASES 283

INDEX 289