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1. PROBLEMS OF JURISPRUDENCE 1

Terminology and tradition 1

The nature of law 6

Preliminary analysis of the concept “ valid law” 11

The branches of the study of law 19

Not “ jurisprudence ” but “ jurisprudential problems ” 24

Discussion 27

2. THE CONCEPT “VALID LAW ” 29

The content of the legal system 29

The validity of the legal system 34

Verification of legal propositions concerning norms of conduct 38

Verification of legal propositions concerning norms of competence 50

Law—force—validity 52

Law, morality and other normative phenomena 59

Discussion: idealism and realism in jurisprudence 64

Discussion: psychological and behaviouristic realism and their synthesis 70

3. THE SOURCES OF LAW 75

Doctrine and theory of the sources of law 75

Legislation 78

Precedent 84

Custom 91

The tradition of culture （“ reason ”） 97

The relation of the various sources to “ valid law ” 101

The doctrine of the sources of law 103

Discussion 104

4. THE JUDICIAL METHOD （INTERPRETATION） 108

Doctrine and theory of method 108

The semantic basis 111

Problems of interpretation. 123

Ⅰ: Syntactic 123

Ⅱ: Logical 128

Ⅲ: Semantic 134

Interpretation and administration of justice 135

Pragmatic factors in interpretation 145

Pragmatic factors and the technique of argumentation 151

Discussion 155

5.THE LEGAL MODALITIES 158

Terminology of legal language 158

An improved terminology 161

Discussion 168

6. THE CONCEPT OF RIGHTS 170

The right as a technical tool of presentation 170

Application of the concept of rights in typical situations 175

Application of the concept of rights in non-typical situa- tions 178

The scope of a right 183

Discussion 186

7.RIGHTS In Rem AND RIGHTs In Personam 189

Doctrine and problems 189

Right of disposal and right of claim 192

Protection in remn and protection in personam 196

The connection between content and protection 197

8. THE FUNDAMENTAL DIVISIONS OF THE LAw 202

Public law and private law 202

Substantive law and the law of procedure 207

Discussion 211

9. THE OPERATIvE FACTS 214

Terminology and distinctions 214

The private disposition 217

Promise, charge and authorisation 223

10. SOME FEATURES OF THE HISTORY OF NATURAL LAw 227

Greek popular belief: Homer and Hesiod 227

The Sophists 233

Aristotle 237

The Stoics and Roman law 239

The natural law of the Scholastics （Thomas Aquinas） 242

Rationalism 245

Natural law in disguise 249

The renascence of natural law 254

11. ANALYSIS AND CRITICISM OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURAL LAW 258

Epistemological points of view 258

Psychological points of view 262

Political points of view 263

Points of view of legal theory 265

12. THE IDEA OF JUSTICE 268

Justice and natural law 268

Analysis of the idea of justice 269

Some illustrations 275

Justice and positive law 280

The demand for equality in the law in force 285

13.UTILITARIANISM AND THE CHIMERA OF SOCIAL WELFARE 289

The relation of utilitarianism to natural law 289

The principle of maximisation and its dissonance with our actual choice 292

The chimera of social welfare 295

14.SCIENCE AND POLITICS 297

Cognition and action 297

The mutual interaction between belief and attitude 300

Practical disagreement: argumentation and persuasion 305

Science and policy making 315

Discussion 325

15.THE PROVINCE AND TASK OF LEGAL POLITICS 327

The demarcation between legal politics and other politics 327

Legal politics de lege ferenda and de sententia ferenda 331

The theoretical foundation of legal politics 332

The task of legal politics: statement of the premises 334

The task of legal politics: formulation of conclusions 336

16.POSSIBILITY OF LEGAL POLITICS: BETWEEN FATE AND UTOPIA 340

The prophets of fate deny the possibility of legal politics 340

The historical school 344

The economic historicism of Marx 347

Limitations of legal politics and study of trends 351

17.THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN LEGAL POLITICS 358

Attitudes based on needs （interests） 358

Moral attitudes 364

The role of the legal consciousness in legal politics: three fundamental postulates 369

The role of the legal consciousness when practical con- siderations fail 373

Index 379