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Chapter 1 Introduction 3

Overview: An Introduction to Comparative Animal Law 3

Animals and the Law 5

What Is Animal Law? 7

What Is Comparative Animal Law? 9

Common Issues in Comparative Animal Law 13

Which animals are the subjects of laws and why are they privileged over other animals? 13

What is the relationship between social values about animals and the law? 18

Is there a difference between "animal welfare laws" and "animal rights laws"? 19

How do nations' concerns about how they are perceived in the international community affect their animal laws? 22

Why are some issues dealt with on an international basis, while others are considered domestic issues? 23

How does the fact that animals are considered property affect animal laws in different countries? 26

What role does science play in the formulation and enforcement of animal laws? 27

Comparative Animal Law in Practice 28

Asia 30

China 30

Japan 32

The Philippines 33

South Korea 33

India 34

Israel 35

Africa 36

South Africa 36

Egypt 37

North America 38

United States of America 38

South America 39

Brazil 39

Ecuador 40

Europe 41

European Union 41

United Kingdom 42

Germany 43

Italy 43

Croatia 44

Slovakia 44

Australasia 45

Australia 45

New Zealand 46

Conclusion 47

Chapter 2 Commercial Uses of Animals for Food and Entertainment 61

Chapter Overview 61

Animals Used for Food 62

Transport 67

Chickens 67

Laying Hens 68

Broiler Chickens 70

Ducks and Geese 73

Pigs 76

Cows 80

Veal Calves 81

Cows Used for Dairy Products 82

Cows Used for Meat 84

Horses 88

Bushmeat 89

Dogs—As Food 93

Fur 94

Dogs and Cats—As Clothing 94

Fur Seals 96

Other Animals, Other Uses 98

Bears 98

Entertainment—Hunting, Competition, Fighting, and Exhibitions 100

The Law on Entertainment 101

Companion Animals 101

Zoos 104

Live Exhibition (Circuses, Rodeos, Television, and Film) 105

Animal Fighting 107

Conclusion 109

Chapter 3 Criminal Law 139

Animal Cruelty as a Crime 139

Civil versus Criminal Law 139

The Anticruelty Laws—A Different Kind of Criminal Law 142

Areas of Comparison and Contrast 146

Historical Developments of the Anticruelty Laws—England and the United States 148

Global Comparisons 152

India 152

Ancient Laws of India 153

Modern Law 153

Canada 156

European Union (EU) 159

France 162

Germany 164

Norway 165

Switzerland 166

New Zealand 167

People's Republic of China (PRC) 171

Australia 173

Taiwan 175

Conclusion 176

Chapter 4 Animal Experimentation 185

Chapter Overview 185

Domestic Laws on Animal Experimentation 187

Complete Prohibitions on Animal Experimentation 187

National Prohibitions on Experiments on Certain Species 188

National Regulation of the Use of Animals in Scientific and Biomedical Research 191

Britain: Cruelty to Animals Act and British Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 191

United States: Animal Welfare Act 195

Japan: Act on Welfare and Management of Animals 205

China: Guiding Opinions on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals 206

India: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 209

Australia 211

National Regulations for the Use of Animals in Testing Medicines, Cosmetics, and Household Products 212

National Laws Concerning the Use of Animals in Education 213

Regional Regulation of Animal Experimentation 215

The European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes 215

Directive 2010/63/EU 216

Directive 76/768/EEC 221

International Regulations of Animal Research 223

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences 225

World Organization for Animal Health 226

International Organization for Standardization 227

Transnational Networks of Animal Research 228

Chapter 5 Constitutional Law 255

Constitutions—The Basics 256

Constitutional Provisions Including Animals 260

India 262

Germany 266

United States of America 270

General Constitutional Provisions that Indirectly Affect Animals 270

Individual States—Florida 271

Other State Provisions 273

Chapter 6 International Law 279

Introduction 279

International Law 281

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 283

Historical and Legal Background 284

CITES in Practice 289

Potential Problems 292

Domestic Implementation 295

The World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreementon Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 297

Tuna-Dolphin Ⅰ Case 300

Tuna-Dolphin Ⅱ Case 302

Shrimp-Turtle Case Ⅰ and Shrimp Turtle Case Ⅱ 303

Leghold-Trap Restrictions and Cosmetics Testing Ban 304

Effect of WTO on Animals 305

The International Whaling Commission (IWC) 309

The World of Whales 309

The IWC—Beginnings 312

Legal Structure of the IWC 313

The IWC in Practice 313

Index 337