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1 The International Law and Policy of Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms Tomer Broude and Yuval Shany 1

Ⅰ The Puzzle of Normative Parallelism in International Law 1

Ⅱ The Rise of MSENs in Fragmented International Law 3

Ⅲ Defining and Characterizing Equivalence 5

Ⅳ Same，Same，but Different？Context and the Differences Embedded in MSENs 8

Ⅴ Oil or Sand in the Gear Shift？ MSENs as the Transmission System of International Law 9

Ⅵ What’s on the Menu？ Ways of Regulating Interaction between MSENs 13

A The ’Dominant Norm / Regime’（or Lex Specalis） Model 13

B The Cumulative Model 13

C The Integrative Model 14

Ⅶ Conclusions 14

PART Ⅰ MSENS AND THE FRAGMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 19

2 Conflict of Norms or Conflict of Laws？ Different Techniques in the Fragmentation of International Law Ralf Michaels and Joost Pauwelyn 19

Ⅰ Introduction 19

Ⅱ Interactions within Legal Systems：Conflict of Norms 23

A Solutions in Domestic Law 23

B Prerequisites 24

Ⅲ Interactions between Legal Systems：Conflict of Laws 26

A Solutions in Domestic Law 26

B Prerequisites 29

Ⅳ Interactions in Public International Law 31

A General International Law and Treaties 31

B Conflicts within One Branch of International Law 33

C Conflicts between Branches of International Law 35

D Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms 39

Ⅴ Concluding Thoughts：Is International Law a System？ 42

3 The Power of Secondary Rules to Connect the International and National Legal Orders Andre Nollkaemper 45

Ⅰ Introduction 50

Ⅱ Situations in which the Application of Secondary Rules of International Law may make a Difference 50

Ⅲ Obligations to give effect to Secondary Norms 54

A International Obligations to give effect to Secondary Norms 54

B National Obligations to give effect to Secondary Norms 58

Ⅳ The Essential Connection between Primary and Secondary Norms 59

Ⅴ Secondary Rules as a Normative Penumbra 61

Ⅵ The Limiting Effect of National Law 64

Ⅶ Conclusion 67

4 Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms from the Standpoint of Governments&Erik Denters and Tarcisio Gazzini 69

Ⅰ Introduction 69

Ⅱ Governmental versus Judicial Perspective 70

Ⅲ Identical MSENs 75

Ⅳ Similar MSENS 80

Ⅴ Compliance or Non-Compliance with MSENs 84

Ⅵ State Practice and Converging MSENs 86

Ⅶ Conclusions 88

PART Ⅱ MSENS IN JUDICIAL PRACTICE 93

5 Interpreting Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms：Judicial Borrowing in International Courts&Benedikt Pirker 93

Ⅰ Introduction 93

Ⅱ Judicial Borrowing，Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms and International Courts and Tribunals 94

A The Playing Field for Judicial Borrowing and Comparative Law in International and Municipal Law 95

B Comparative Law in a Municipal Context 97

C Taking it to the Next Level：Judicial Borrowing by International Courts and Tribunals 98

Ⅲ The EFTA Court and the L’Oreal Norge Case 99

A The Origins and Legal Framework of the EEA 99

B The Case Law before L’Oreal Norge：Interpretive Divergence，but Justified？ 101

C L’Oreal Norge：A Revolutionary’Presumption of Homogeneity？’ 103

D Evaluation of the Process of Judicial Borrowing in L’Oreal Norge：The Neglected Nature of the EEA 104

Ⅳ The MERCOSUR Retreaded Tyres Dispute 107

A The Earlier Case Law on Retreaded Tyres 107

B Laudo No 1/2005：The PRC and the ECJ’s Case Law on Balancing Trade and Environmental Interests 109

C Evaluation of the Process of Judicial Borrowing by the PRC 110

Ⅴ Conclusion 112

6 Jurisdictions and Applicable Law Clauses：Where does a Tribunal find the Principal Norms Applicable to the Case before it？&Lorand Bartels 115

Ⅰ Introduction 115

Ⅱ Principal and Incidental Norms 117

Ⅲ Principal Norms 120

A Default Functions of Applicable Law Clauses 120

B Relationship between Jurisdiction and Applicable Law Clauses 123

i Claims based on Norms set out only in an Applicable Law Clause 124

a ‘Cardinal’Distinction between Jurisdictional and Applicable Law Clauses？ 124

b Lex Specalis 126

c Failure to apply Lex Specalis Principle 128

ii Claims based on Norms set out only in a Jurisdiction Clause 130

a Article 36 prevails over Article 38（1） in Violation of International Law 131

b Principal Norms cannot be Applied in Violation of International Law 135

Ⅳ Incidental Norms 137

A Validity or Applicability of a Principal Norm 137

B Rules of Interpretation 140

C Legal Facts 140

Ⅴ Conclusion 141

7 The OSPAR Convention，the Aarhus Convention and EC Law：Normative and Institutional Fragmentation on the Right of Access to Environmental Information&Nikolaos Lavranos 143

Ⅰ Introduction 143

Ⅱ The Relevant MSEN 144

A The Factual Background 145

B Access to Information under the Ospar Convention 148

C Access to Information under the Aarhus Convention 150

D Access to Information under EC Law 153

i EC Directive 90/313 and Directive 2003/4 153

ii Regulation 1049/2001 and Regulation 1367/2006 156

E Summary 158

Ⅲ Analysis 158

A The Applicable Law 160

B The Definition of the term ‘Information 164

Ⅳ Concluding Remarks 166

8 EU Review of UN Anti-Terror Sanctions：Judicial Juggling in a Four-Layer， Multi-Sourced， Equivalent-Norms Scenario&Guy Harpaz 171

Ⅰ Introduction 171

Ⅱ Anti-Terror Sanctions：The Multilateral，Regional and National Contexts 174

Ⅲ The MSENs Scenario 176

Ⅳ The CFI Verdict and the ECJ Judgment 179

Ⅴ EU Law vis-a-vis International Law/ UN Law：The Dominant Regime Model？ 183

A The ECJ’s Traditional Approach 183

B The CFI Verdict 185

C The ECJ’s Judgment 186

D Analysis 187

Ⅵ ELU Law vis-a-vis the ECHR：The Integrative Model？ 196

A The Traditional Approach 196

B The CFI Verdict and the ECJ Judgment 197

C Analysis 198

Ⅶ EU Law vis-a-vis the Legal Orders of Member States：The Contesting Model？ 202

Ⅷ Common Unifying Features 203

A Internalizing the MSENs Conflicts 203

B One‘Offensive’and Two ’Defensive’Solange Instruments 204

Ⅸ Summary and Conclusions 206

PART Ⅲ MSENS IN SPECIFIC NORMATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS 211

9 The Interaction between International Investment Law and Human Rights Treaties： A Sociological Perspective&Moshe Hirsch 211

Ⅰ Introduction 211

Ⅱ Investment Tribunals and Human Rights Treaties 214

Ⅲ Socio-Cultural Distance and MSENs 218

Ⅳ The Socio-Cultural Distance between Investment and Human Rights Laws 219

Ⅴ Dynamic Aspects and Future Normative Distance 227

Ⅵ Concluding Remarks 228

10 Delineating Primary and Secondary Rules on Necessity at International Law&Jurgen Kurtz 231

Ⅰ Introduction 231

Ⅱ The Legal Standards on Necessity in International Law 233

A The Plea of‘Necessity’under Customary International Law 233

B The Treaty Exception： Article Ⅺ of the US-Argentine Bilateral Investment Treaty 237

Ⅲ Understanding the Relationship between the Customary Plea and Treaty Exception：Engaging Text，Context and History 240

Ⅳ The Cases 247

A Conflation：CMS，Enron and Sempra 248

B The Treaty Exception as（Soft or Hard）Lex Specialis？ LG？E v Argentina 251

C Separating Primary-Secondary Applications：Continental v Argentina 252

Ⅴ Conclusion 256

11 Equivalent Primary Rules and Differential Secondary Rules： Countermeasures in WTO and Investment Protection Law&Martins Paparinskis 259

Ⅰ Introduction 259

Ⅱ Countermeasures in WTO and Investment Protection Law 263

Ⅲ WTO Countermeasures in Investment Protection Law 270

Ⅳ Investment Protection Law Countermeasures in WTO Law 280

Ⅴ Conclusion 287

12 Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms and the Legitimacy of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights under International Law&Claire Charters 289

Ⅰ Introduction 289

Ⅱ Legitimacy 290

Ⅲ MSENs of Indigenous Peoples’Rights and Legitimacy Deficit 291

A Process Legitimacy 292

B Substance Uncertainty 300

C Incoherence 302

Ⅳ Mitigating MSEN Legitimacy Deficits 303

A Balancing Process Confusion and Norm Substance Indeterminacy with Justice 304

i Increased Institutional Responsiveness 304

ii Increased Norm Justice 307

B Dialogic Attempts to Minimise Institutional Jurisdictional Competition 308

C Dialogic Attempts to Interpret Norms Consistently：Lessening Norm Indeterminacy 313

D The Cohesive Force of Indigenous Peoples’Participation in International Legal Forums 316

Ⅴ Conclusion 319

13 Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms：Concluding Thoughts&Robert Howse 321

Index 327