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ALIEN TORTS AND EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION IN U.S.AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 1

INTRODUCTION: THE ATS （ALSO KNOWN AS ATCA） AND THE TVPA 8

1.OBSTACLES TO SUCCEEDING UNDER THE ATCA/TVPA 10

1.1JURISDICTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 10

1.2.EXIIAUSTION 11

1.3.COMmy 11

1.4.FORUM NON CONVENIENS 12

1.5.Au T OF STATE DocTRINE 13

1.6.POLTTICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE 14

1.7.IMMUNIIY 15

1.8.BURDENS OF PROOF 18

2.FOUCAULT—A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK TO UNDERSTAND TORTURE 19

3.THE USE OF TORTURE: A SHAMEFUL CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY 21

3.1 TIIIORYOFTORITIRE 23

3.2 FOUR REASONS WIIY TORTURE DISAPPEARED 24

4.CONTEMPORARY EVENTS 25

5.CONCLUSION 28

CHAPTER TWO: PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF THE ALIEN TORTS STATUTE AND TORTURE VICTIMS' PROTECTION ACT 29

INTRODUCTION 29

1.SUBSTANTIVE CLAIMS 31

1.1.ORDINARY TORT LIABILITY （ENTERPRISE LIABILFry） 31

1.1.1.The Limits of the ATS and Private Claims under International Law 36

1.1.2.Corporate Accountability: 45

1.1.3.State Action/Color of Law: 46

1.2.HELMS-BURTON 51

2.UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION UNDER U.S.AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 53

2.1.UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 53

2.1.1.Jurisdiction to Adjudicate, Prescribe and Fnforce 53

2.1.2.Relative and Absolute Universal Jurisdiction 55

2.1.3.The Character ofATS type cases 58

2.1.4.Exhaustion 64

2.1.5.Comity 64

2.1.6.Forum non conventens 65

2.1.7.“Act Of State Doctrine 67

2.1.8.Immunitv 70

2.1.9.Burdens Of Proof 75

3.CONCLUSION 76

CHAPTER THREE: ALVAREZ-MACHAIN V.UNITED STATES AND ALVAREZ-MACHAIN V.SOSA -THE BROODING OMNIPRESENCE OF NATURAL LAW 77

1.INTRODUCTION 77

1.1.THE ISSUES PRESENDTO THE SUPREME COURT IN SOSA 79

1.2.THE UNSETTLED ISSU ES WHICH CAUSEDTHE SOSA COURT TO GRANT CETIORARI 80

1.2.1.What substantive law is to be applied? 81

1.2.2. Does the ATS Only Apply to Violations of Jus Cogens? 81

2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS: THE ISSUES PRESENTED BY THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT 81

2.1 “WHETTIER FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, AND AGENTS OF TIE DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION IN PARTICULAR, HAVE AUTHORRRY TO ENFORCE A FEDERAL CRIMINAL STATUTE IIIAT APPLIES TOACTS PERPETRATED AGAINST A UNITED STATES OFFICIAL IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY BY ARRESTING AN INDICTED CRIMINAL SUSPECT ON PROBABLE CAUSE IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY.” 81

2.1.1. Customary International Law Prohibits Abduction by one State of any Person in another State Absent Consent of that State 83

2.1.2. Customary International Law Is Part of the Common Law: Thus, the Kidnapping Was Illegal under the Common Law 84

2.1.3. The Government's Abduction, while Illegal under lnternational Law may have been legal under nationallaw if a statute had displaced the customary law. In all events, the Government's Abduction Convernment's Adbuction was Constitutional 90

2.2. W HETUER TILE ALIEN TORT CLAIMS ACT CREATES A PRIVATE CAUSE OF ACTION FOR ALIENS FOR TORTS COMMITTED ANYWHERE IN VIOLATION OF TI IE LAW OF NATIONS OR TREATIES OF THE UNITED STATES OR, TREATIES OF THE UNTTED OR, INSTEAD IS A JURISDICTION-GRANTNG PROVISION IHAT DOES NOT ESTABLISH PRIVATE RIGHTS OF ACTION? 92

2.3.1. Plain Meaning Argument -The ATS facially does not distinguish between jus cogens norms and other rules of international law 101

2.3.2. Historical Argument -At the lime of drafting of the ATS international law did not distinguish between jus cogens norms and ordinary rules of international law 101

2.3.3. Systemic Argument -The hermetic separation of the international legal system into a “public-stare” and“private-individual” sphere did not exist at the time of the drafting of the ATS, is increasingly ignored today and provides no argument that the ATS address only jus cogens violations 102

2.3.4. Individual Rights tinder International Law 103

2.4. WIB FIIER DR. ALVAREZ' ABDUCTION CONSTTTUTES A TORT IN VIOLATION OF TTB LAW OF NATIONS ACTIONABLE UNDER THE ATS 106

3. THEORETICAL SYNTHESIS: THE NATURAL LAWIPOSITIVISM DICHOTOMY IN SOSA 107

3.1. THE FALSE DICHOMY OF POSITIVISM AND NATURAL LAW 108

3.1.1. Aristotle 109

3.1.2. Hobbes 111

3.2. TI IE IMPLICATIONS OF RI COGNIZING TIE FAIsr DICHOTOMY OF “NATURALISM V. POSTTIVISM” 114

3.3. EXAMINING THE ATS IN LIGHT OF THE FALSE DICHOTOMY 116

4. CONCLUSION: 117

CHAPTER FOUR: THE RACKETEERING INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS ACT （RICO） AND EXTRATERRITORIALITY 121

1. JURISDICTION 124

2. STANDING 129

3.28 U.S.C. 1962（c） 131

3.1. Conduct of a RICO Enterprise 131

3.2. Through a pattern 132

3.3. Of racketeering activity （predicate acts） 133

3.4. Commercial Nextts 134

4.28 U.S.C. 1962（D）: CONSPIRACY LO COMMITA SUBSTANTIVE RICO oiwNSE 134

CHAPTER FIVE: CORPORATE LIABILITY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ATS 136

1. INTRODUCTION 136

2. CORPORATIONS ARE LIABLE FOR 1TBIR TORTS IN VIOLATION OF Tim ALIEN TORTSTAIUTE 137

2.1. The plain language of the ATS, its history, current case-law, and international law all make clear that corporations are liable for their torts which violate the Alien Tort Statute 137

2.2. Corporations are not exempt from ATS liability 140

CHAPTER SIX: ALIEN TORTS BEFORE THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 149

INTRODUCTION 149

1. THE COMMON LAW: TORT REMEDIES TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN BRITAIN 151

1.1. COMMON LAW DOCTRINES COMMON TO BOTH BRTTISH AND U.S.LAW IN TRANSNATIONAI.LAW 152

1.1.1. Immunity 152

1.1.2. Act ofstate doctrine 152

1.1.3. Comity 153

1.1.4. Forum non conveniens 154

1.1.5. International Law and the Common Law 154

1.2. EXTRATERRTTORIAL HUMAN RIGirrs PROTECTION IN DOMESTIC BRTTISH LAW:THE PINOCHET CASES 155

1.3 SYNTHESIS 162

1.3.1 Arguments for torts in the common law based on crimes in customary international law 162

1.3.2 Human Rights Protection through the Ordinary Common Law Tort Regime 165

2. TORT REMEDIES TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN CIVIL CODE COUNTRIES 165

2.1. FRANCE 165

2.1.1. Customary Law 167

2.1.2. Statute Law 168

2.1.3. Case Law 171

2.2. B. BELGIUM 176

2.2.1. The New Legislation 176

2.2.2. The Action Civile in Belgium 177

2.2.3. Case Law 178

2.3. SENEGAL -TIIE HABRI CASES 185

2.4. GERMANY 187

2.4.1. German Statute Law 188

2.4.2. German Case Law 189

3. CONCLUSIONS: PRIVATE LAW PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS BEFORE THE E.U. MEMBER STATES 195

CHAPTER SEVEN: ALIEN TORTS AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 197

INTRODUCTION 197

1. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS （ECHR） 197

1.1THE TERMS OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIHTS 198

1.1.1. Article 1,FCHR 198

1.1.2. Article 5-Right to liberty and security 200

1.1.3. Article 3-Freedom from Torture 201

1.1.4. Article 6-Right to a fair trial 202

1.1.5. Article 13 - Right to an Effective Remedy 202

1.2. CASTS LITIGATED UNDER THE CONVENTION 204

1.2.1. Bankovic 204

1.2.2. AI-Adsani 206

1.2.3. Brumarescu and Loizidou Evtraterritoriality and Expropriation 208

1.2.4. Tugar v. Italy 209

2. CONCLUSION 211

PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 214

INTERNATIONAL LAW 214

INTERNATIONAL COURT OE JUSTICE CASTS 214

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS CASES 214

COMMON LAW 215

UNIITD STATES 215

UNITED KINGDOM 216

EIRE 217

CIVIL LAW 218

FRANCE 218

BELGIUM 218

SENEGAI 218

GI RMANY 219

GREECE 219

BOOKS AND LAW REVIEWS 220

PARTIAL INDEX 223