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Section Ⅰ Elementary The Scientific Approach to Crime Detection 1

Chapter 1 Forty Years of Distinguished Scientific Assistance to Law Enforcement 2

The Formative Years, 2

Specialization, 3

Document Section, 4

Physics and Chemistry Section, 5

Micro-scopy, 5

Serology, 6

Mineralogy, 6

Chemistry-Toxi-cology, 7

Firearms, Toolmarks, and Explosives, 7

Metallurgy, 7

Instrumental Analysis, 7

Neutron Acti-vation, 8

Cryptanalysis-Gambling-Translation Section, 8

Radio Engineering Section, 9

The Impact, 10

Chapter 2 The Investigative Process, James W. Osterburg 12

Investigation as a Process for the Study of the Past, 12

Physical Evidence, 14

Records as a Source of Informa-tion, 16

People as a Source of Information, 19

Criminal Investigation-Art or Science, 23

References, 24

Chapter 3 What the Bones Tell-Today, Dr. T. D. Stewart 26

Better Estimates of Stature, 26

New Formulas, 27

Bet-ter Estimates of Age, 28

A New Scheme Offered, 28

Tooth Structure and Age, 30

Better Estimates of Sex, 30

Better Estimates of Race, 32

General, 32

Refer-ences, 34

Chapter 4 Landmarks and Hallmarks in Scientific Evidence, Edwin Conrad, J.D., M.A. Introduction, 37

The Quest of Diogenes, 37

The Myth of Frye, 38

The Coppolino Criterion, 39

Summary, 40

References, 41

Section Ⅱ The Scene of the Crime: The Officer's View 43

Chapter 5 Identification and the Forensic Pathologist, Geoffrey T. Mann, M.D., and Hobart R. Wood, M.D. 45

Complexion, 46

Likeness of Features, 46

Occupation Marks, 46

Clothes, etc., 47

Deformities, Birth Marks,etc., 47

Injuries, Scars, Tattoos, 47

Finger Printing, 47

Stature and Weight, 48

Sex, 48 Age, 48

Teeth and Dentures, 49

Hair, 49

Conclusion, 49

Chapter 6 Physical Evidence Utilization in the Administration of Criminal Justice, Brian Parker and Joseph Peterson 50

The Nature of Proof by Physical Means in Criminal Matters, 50

The "Crime" Laboratory as a Subsystem in the Criminal Justice System, 51

Results, 54

Chapter 7 Collection and Preservation of Scientific Evidence 59

Weapons of Attack, 61

Clothing, 61

Firearms Identi-fication, 61

Blood Stains, 62

Seminal Stains, 62

Fingernail Scrapings, 62

Hair, 62

Fibers, Threads, Tex-tiles, Twines, Cord, Rope, 63

Drugs and Poisons, 63

Chapter 8 The Location of Hidden Objects, Barry J. Blain 65

Kinds of Search, 65

Equipment, 66

A New Service, 66

Searches, 67

Any Takers?, 68

Section Ⅲ Crime Detection and Scientific Techniques 71

Chapter 9 The Investigation of Deaths Due to Drowning,W. M. Jennings, M.D. 72

External Signs of Acute Drowning, 73

Internal Signs, 73

References, 75

Chapter 10 Statistical Features of Rape, Arthur Frederick Schiff, M.D. 77

Place and Population, 78

Results and Discussion, 79

Summary, 83

References, 84

Chapter 11 Breath Testers 85

Chapter 12 The Kennedy Assassination: Hairs and Fibers 88

General Principles, 88

Chapter 13 Checlass: A Classification System for Fraudulent Checks, E. H. W. Schroeder 94

Descriptions of Classifications, 95

Rules for Classifica-tion, 104

Results, 104

Summary, 104

References, 106

Chapter 14 Disguised Handwriting: A Statistical Survey of How Handwriting Is Most Frequently Disguised, Edwin F. Alford, Jr. 107

Methods, 108

Results, 109

Summary, 118

Chapter 15 Tool Marks: An Aid in the Solution of Auto Lar-cenies, Susan M. Komar 119

Chapter 16 Fingerprinting: A Story of Science vs. Crime 124

Surveillance and Apprehension, 125

Before Scientific Methods, 126

Latent Fingerprints, 126

Henry Classi-fication System, 127

Valuable Fingerprint Collection, 128

Statistics, 128

Investigation of Plane Crash, 129

Attempt to Change Pattern, 130

Science and Law En-forcement, 131

Promise for the Future, 132

Chapter 17 The Kennedy Assassination: Wound Ballistics Ex-periments 134

Purpose of the Tests, 134

The Testers and Their Quali-fications, 134

General Testing Conditions, 135

Tests on Penetration Power and Bullet Stability, 135

Tests Simulating President Kennedy's Neck Wound, 136

Tests Simulating Governor Connally's Chest Wounds, 137

Tests Simulating Governor Connally's Wrist Wounds, 138

Conclusions from Simulating the Neck, Chest, and Wrist Wounds, 139

Tests Simulating Presi-dent Kennedy's Head Wounds, 140

Chapter 18 The Role of Criminalistics in White-Collar Crimes, Quon Y. Kwan, Ponnusamy Rajeswaran, Brian P. Parker, and Menachem Amir 142

The Etiology of Criminalistics and White-Collar Crimes, 144

Food and Drug Violations, 147 False Advertising, 152

Tax Evasion, 155

Insurance Frauds, 157

Ques-tioned Documents, 160

Conclusion, 161

References, 161

Section Ⅳ The Computer: Its Role and Potential in Criminal Justice 163

Chapter 19 A Simple Tool for Complex Problems, Robert P. Shumate 165

Chapter 20 Criminal Justice Information Systems, President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Admin-istration of Justice 177

The Need for Better Information Capabilities, 177

Gen-eral Configuration of an Integrated Criminal Justice In-formation System, 182

Immediate Response Inquiry Systems, 185

Handling Personal Information, 192

Management Information, 200

Chapter 21 NCIC-A Tribute to Cooperative Spirit 202

Increased Usage, 203

Maintaining Accurate Files, 206

Successful "Hits", 206

CCH File Developed, 207

Centralized Operation, 208

In the Last Analysis, 209

Keeping Files Confidential, 210

Technological Ad-vances, 211

Chapter 22 Data Processing in the Criminal Justice System, Carroll R.Hormachea 212

References, 217

Section Ⅴ Electronics and Criminal Investigation 219

Chapter 23 Bank Surveillance Cameras 221

For Best Results, 222

Identifying the Suspect, 223

Reference Points, 224

Legal Evidence, 226

Chapter 24 Identification of Suspects by the Voiceprint Tech-nique, Ernest W.Nash and Oscar I.Tosi, Ph.D. 227

Technology Development, 228

Description of Innova-tion, 229

General Application, 229

Chapter 25 Privacy of Voice Communication, Robert L.Carl-son, J.M.Tellez, and W.L.Schreiber 231

Analog Voice Privacy System, 233

Digital Voice Privacy Systems, 235

Section Ⅵ The Promise of the Future 239

Chapter 26 Security Needs Science, Jon Hawington 241

Chapter 27 A National Criminalistics Research Program, Charles R.Kingston, D.Crim. 244

Introduction, 244

General Goals of the Research Pro-gram, 246

State of the Art, 247

Current Project Areas, 250

Proposed Project Areas, 252

Conclusions, 258

References, 259

Chapter 28 X-Ray Standards for Law Enforcement, Charles N.Smith 261

Subjects, 261

Use Modes, 262

Contents of the Stan-dards, 262

Closing Comment, 262

Chapter 29 Modern Methods Solve Crimes, Foil Crooks 264

Index 269