ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT IN ENGLAND AND WALES GERMANYpdf电子书版本下载

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1 Introduction 1

1.1 The Scope 5

1.2 A Brief Note on Terminology and Language 11

2 Some Reflections on the History and Development of Alternatives to Prison 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 ‘Reforming' Prisons and Prisoners: Setting the Scene for the Concept of Alternatives to Imprisonment 14

2.3 The Intellectual Background of Alternatives to Imprisonment 17

2.4 The Legislative Developments: The Birth of Alternative Punishments 21

2.5 The Proliferation of Prison Alternatives: 2nd Period 29

2.5.1 Expanding and Inflating Prison 30

2.5.2 The Shift from ‘Doing Good' to ‘Doing Less': Prison Under ‘Attack' 32

2.5.3 The Emergence of Diversion: Right Time and Right Place? 36

2.5.4 The Appearance of the Victim in the Punishment Discourse 40

2.6 Conclusions 43

3 Alternatives to Imprisonment in England: Destined to Fail? 45

3.1 Non-custodial Sanctions for ‘Surplus' Populations of Prisons: The Foundation 45

3.2 The Extension of Non-custodial Sanctions 53

3.2.1 Suspended Sentence 59

3.2.2 Parole 61

3.2.3 Community Service Order 64

3.2.4 Probation with Day (Training) Centre Requirement 66

3.2.5 Supervision Order 67

3.2.6 Deferment of Sentence 69

3.3 The ‘Impact' of Proliferation of Prison Alternatives in the Sentencing Figures 71

3.4 From ‘Alternatives to Custody' to ‘Punishment in the Community' 74

3.4.1 The Triumph of Diversion: More Diversion, Less Imprisonment? 78

3.4.2 The Criminal Justice Act 1991 80

3.5 The Repositioning of Custody: “Prison Works” 85

3.6 A Mixed Approach towards Non-custodial Sanctions 89

3.6.1 Interim Appraisal 92

3.7 Current Non-custodial Sanctions: The Context 93

3.8 The Framework 95

3.8.1 Discharge 96

3.8.2 Compensation Order 97

3.8.3 The Fine 97

3.8.4 Deferment of Sentence 99

3.8.5 Community Order 100

3.8.6 The Non-custodial Sanctions Specific to the Juvenile Justice 103

3.8.7 Youth Rehabilitation Order 103

3.8.8 Referral Order 106

3.8.9 Reparation Order 107

3.8.10 Suspended Sentence Orders (Custody Minus) 108

3.9 Investigating the Impact of Non-custodial Sanctions 109

4 Alternatives to Imprisonment in Germany: Less Is More? 115

4.1 The Foundation: Individualised Punishment 115

4.1.1 Conditional Pardon (Bedingte Begandigung) 119

4.1.2 Alternatives to Imprisonment in Juvenile Justice Legislation 123

4.1.3 The Fine 126

4.2 Alternatives to Imprisonment and the Third Reich 129

4.3 The Extension of Alternatives 133

4.3.1 The Reform 135

4.3.2 The Sanction Catalogue of the Alternative Draft 139

4.3.3 The Legislation 143

4.3.4 The Zenith of Reform: Rehabilitation and Diversion 145

4.4 Impact of Reform 148

4.5 Current Legislative Framework 151

4.5.1 Sentencing Measures Under the German Penal Code 154

4.5.2 Dispensing with Punishment 154

4.5.3 Warning with Suspension of Punishment 155

4.6 The Initiatives of ‘Reforming' Reform 161

4.6.1 New Non-custodial Penalties: In Between or at Back? 168

4.6.2 Interim Appraisal 181

4.7 A Statistical Review 182

5 Alternatives to Imprisonment in Turkey: A ‘Schattendasein'? 187

5.1 Introduction: Historical Context 187

5.2 Non-custodial and Custodial Penalties in the Previous Turkish Penal Code 190

5.3 A Need for Change and Change Without Genuine Progress 196

5.4 At Odds with International Trends 202

5.5 Towards the Reform 207

5.6 The Reform 210

5.6.1 The Preparation of the New Penal Code 210

5.7 Current Legal Framework 215

5.7.1 Diversion 219

5.7.2 Deferred Sentence 223

5.7.3 The Fine 223

5.7.4 Alternatives to Short Term Imprisonment 224

5.7.5 Suspension of the Execution of Punishment 225

5.7.6 Sentencing Disposals in Juvenile Justice 227

5.7.7 Interim Appraisal 229

5.8 Post-reform 230

5.9 Conclusion 239

6 Summary and Conclusions 241

6.1 The English Approach 242

6.2 The German Approach 244

6.3 The Turkish Approach 245

6.4 Conclusion: The Turkish System in Prospect 247

Bibliography 249