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Chapter 1 Quality Control and NDT 1

1.1 NDT in Industry 1

1.2 NDT in Everyday Life 3

1.3 History of NDT 4

1.4 Understand the NDT Choices 6

1.5 Reliability of NDT 7

1.6 International Organizations of Quality Control and NDT 8

Words and Phrases 9

Notes 10

Exercises 11

Appendix Ⅰ 质量控制常用术语的中英双解 12

Appendix Ⅱ 国外主要无损检测学术机构、组织介绍 13

Chapter 2 Discontinuities—Origins and Classification 15

2.1 Primary Production of Metals 16

2.2 Casting 18

2.3 Cracks 21

2.4 Welding Discontinuities 22

2.5 Discontinuities Resulting from Plastic Deformation 24

2.6 Corrosion-Induced Discontinuities 25

2.7 Operationally Induced Discontinuities—Fatigue Cracking 27

2.8 Operationally Induced Discontinuities—Creep 28

2.9 Operationally Induced Discontinuities—Brittle Fracture 28

2.10 Geometric Discontinuities 29

2.11 Summary 30

2.12 Indications:False,Nonrelevant,Relevant 30

Words and Phrases 31

Notes 33

Exercises 34

Appendix Ⅰ 缺陷有关术语的中英双解 35

Appendix Ⅱ 科技英语语法特点 36

Chapter 3 Radiographic Testing 40

3.1 Introduction 40

3.1.1 Historical Background 40

3.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 41

3.2 Theory and Principles 42

3.2.1 Basic Principles 42

3.2.2 X-Rays,Grenz-Rays,and γ-Rays 42

3.2.3 Absorption and Scattering of X-Rays in Matter 45

3.2.4 Recording the X-Ray Image 50

3.2.5 X-Ray Image Quality 52

3.3 Radiographic Technique 56

3.4 Equipment and Accessories 57

3.4.1 X-Ray Generators 57

3.4.2 Image Quality Indicators,Penetrameters 59

3.5 Applications 60

Words and Phrases 61

Notes 63

Exercises 65

Appendix Ⅰ 射线检测常用术语的中英双解 65

Appendix Ⅱ 科技英语常用词缀 67

Chapter 4 Ultrasonic Testing 73

4.1 Introduction 73

4.1.1 Historical Background 73

4.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 75

4.2 Theory and Principles 75

4.2.1 Wave Propagation 75

4.2.2 Ultrasonic Waves 78

4.2.3 Specific Acoustic Impedance 82

4.2.4 Reflection and Transmission at Boundaries 84

4.2.5 Wave Mode Conversion at Boundaries 85

4.2.6 Beam Attenuation 88

4.2.7 Pulse Shape and Beam Shape 90

4.3 Ultrasonic Techniques 91

4.4 Equipment and Accessories 94

4.4.1 Ultrasonic Transducers 94

4.4.2 Pulse Echo Display System 95

4.4.3 Automated Systems 96

4.4.4 Calibration and Reference Standards 97

4.5 Applications 98

Words and Phrases 99

Notes 100

Exercises 101

Appendix Ⅰ 超声检测常用术语的中英双解 101

Appendix Ⅱ 无损检测常用的缩略语 103

Chapter 5 Magnetic Particle Inspection 108

5.1 Introduction 108

5.1.1 Historical Background 108

5.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 109

5.2 Theory and Principles 110

5.2.1 Basic Principles 110

5.2.2 The Hysteresis Loop and Magnetic Properties 114

5.2.3 Electrical Current and Electrical Powder 115

5.2.4 Demagnetisation 119

5.3 MPI Techniques 120

5.3.1 Magnetization Techniques 121

5.3.2 Magnetic Flow Techniques(Indirect) 121

5.3.3 Current Flow Techniques(Direct) 121

5.3.4 Coil Technique 123

5.3.5 Central Conductor Technique 123

5.3.6 Continuous and Residual Techniques 124

5.3.7 Color and Fluorescence 126

5.3.8 Summary of Technique Choices 126

5.4 Equipment and Accessories 126

5.4.1 Stationary Units 126

5.4.2 Mobile and Portable Units 128

5.4.3 Electromagnetic Yoke 128

5.4.4 Permanent Magnets 128

5.4.5 Black Lights 128

5.4.6 Flux Direction Indicators 129

5.4.7 AC Demagnetizing Coils 130

5.4.8 Magnetic Ink 130

5.5 Applications 130

Words and Phrases 131

Notes 132

Exercises 133

Appendix Ⅰ 磁粉检测常用术语的中英双解 134

Appendix Ⅱ 无损检测技术常用的物理量纲及英语表达 135

Chapter 6 Eddy Current Testing 139

6.1 Introduction 139

6.1.1 Historical Background 139

6.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 140

6.2 Theory and Principles 141

6.2.1 Basic Principles 141

6.2.2 Magnetic Induction(Self and Mutual) 142

6.2.3 Coil Impedance 145

6.2.4 Eddy Current Density and Skin Depth 147

6.3 Eddy Current Testing Techniques 149

6.3.1 Impedance Analysis Method 149

6.3.2 Other EC Methods 157

6.4 Equipment and Accessories 158

6.4.1 EC Transducers(Probes) 158

6.4.2 Eddy Current Instruments 161

6.5 Applications 162

Words and Phrases 162

Notes 163

Exercises 164

Appendix Ⅰ 涡流检测常用术语的中英双解 165

Appendix Ⅱ 常用数学符号及表达式 167

Chapter 7 Penetrant Testing 171

7.1 Introduction 171

7.1.1 Historical Background 171

7.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 172

7.2 Theory and Principles 173

7.2.1 Fluid Flow 173

7.2.2 Surface Tension 173

7.2.3 Contact Angle and Surface Wetting 175

7.2.4 Capillarity 176

7.3 Penetrant Techniques 178

7.3.1 Basic Method 178

7.3.2 Cleaning 180

7.3.3 Applying Penetrant to Specimen Surface 180

7.3.4 Temperature 181

7.3.5 Dwell Time 181

7.3.6 Removing Excess Penetrant 181

7.3.7 Applying Developers 183

7.3.8 Examination and Interpretation 184

7.3.9 Illumination 184

7.3.10 Final Cleaning 184

7.4 Penetrant Materials and Equipment 185

7.4.1 Penetrant Materials 185

7.4.2 Penetrant Equipment 187

7.5 Applications of Penetrant Testing 188

7.5.1 Fabrication Industries 188

7.5.2 Aerospace Industries 189

7.5.3 Automotive and Marine Manufacture and Maintenance 190

7.5.4 Electrical Power Industry 190

Words and Phrases 190

Notes 191

Exercises 192

Appendix Ⅰ 渗透检测常用术语的中英双解 193

Appendix Ⅱ 英语论文摘要写作 194

Chapter 8 Introduction to Other NDT Methods 199

8.1 Acoustic Emission 199

8.1.1 Theory and Principles 199

8.1.2 Applications 201

8.2 Time-of-Flight Diffraction(TOFD) 201

8.2.1 Theory and Principles 202

8.2.2 Applications 202

8.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 203

8.3 Thermal Nondestructive Testing 204

8.3.1 Theory and Principles 204

8.3.2 Applications 206

8.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 206

8.4 Laser Testing Method 206

8.4.1 Holographic Interferometry 207

8.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 207

8.5 Microwave NDT 208

8.5.1 Theory and Principles 209

8.5.2 Applications 209

8.6 Leak Testing 210

8.6.1 Theory and Principles 211

8.6.2 Applications 211

8.7 Neutron Radiographic Testing 212

8.7.1 Theory and Principles 212

8.7.2 Applications 213

8.8 Industrial Computed Tomography 213

8.8.1 Industrial CT History 214

8.8.2 Theory and Principles 214

8.8.3 Applications 214

8.8.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 215

8.9 Vibration Analysis Method 215

8.10 Visual and Optical Inspection 216

8.10.1 Theory and Principles 217

8.10.2 Applications 217

8.10.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 217

Words and Phrases 218

Notes 219

Exercises 220

Appendix Ⅰ 国外有关无损检测技术主要学术期刊 221

Appendix Ⅱ 国外无损检测技术主要标准中英对照 223

Appendix Ⅲ 国外开展无损检测技术研究的部分高等院校 230

Appendix Ⅳ 无损检测英文检测报告示例 231

References 239