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Part One Rhetoric 3

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

1．What Is Rhetoric? 3

2．Brief History of Western Rhetoric 5

3．Communicative Rhetoric and Aesthetic Rhetoric 6

4．Brief Introduction of Present-day Western Rhetoric 15

5．Why and How Is Rhetoric to Be Learned? 19

Exercise 1 25

Chapter 2 Figures of Speech 26

1．Introduction 26

2．Simile 27

3．Metaphor 29

4．Analogy 33

5．Personification 34

6．Synaesthesia 36

7．Hypallage 37

8．Verbal Symbol 38

9．Metonymy 39

10．Synecdoche 40

11．Antonomasia 41

12．Allusion 43

13．Periphrasis 45

14．Hyperbole 46

15．Understatement 47

16．Variation 49

17．Nicknaming 50

18．Alliteration 52

19．Assonance 54

20．Consonance 56

21．Homoeoteleuton 57

22．Paregmenon 58

23．Hendiadys 59

24．Epanorthosis 60

25．Repetition 61

26．Polysyndeton 64

27．Paradiastole 65

28．Polypunctuation 65

29．Tongue Twisters 66

30．Pleonasm 67

31．Ellipsis 68

32．Asyndeton and Parataxis 69

33．Sentence Fragment 69

34．Paraleipsis 70

35．Aposiopesis 71

36．Syllepsis 71

37．Zeugma 73

38．Antithesis 74

39．Oxymoron 75

40．Paradox 76

41．Epigram 76

42．Parallelism 77

43．Climax 79

44．Anticlimax 79

45．Represented Speech 80

46．Periodic Sentence 81

47．Ecphonesis or Exclamation 81

48．Dubitation 82

49．Pun 83

50．Irony 85

51．Innuendo 86

52．Satire 87

53．Rhetorical Question 87

54．Allegory 88

55．Inversion or Hyperbaton 91

56．Anagram 93

57．Palindrome 95

58．Malapropism 96

59．Spoonerism 97

60．Bull 98

61．Hysteron-proteron 98

62．Metastasis 99

63．Enallage or Functional Shift 99

64．Parody 100

65．Onomatopoeia 102

66．Mimesis 103

67．Graphic 103

68．Biblical Rhetoric 104

69．Prosopopoeia or Vision 104

70．Apostrophe 105

71．Prolepsis 106

Exercise 2 107

Part Two Writing 113

Chapter 1 General Principles of Writing 113

Exercise 3 116

Chapter 2 The Word 117

1．Diction 117

2．Estimation and Building Up of a Vocabulary 118

3．Words Preferable for Effectiveness 122

4．Denotation and Connotation 124

5．Synonyms 126

6．Euphemisms 128

7．Chinglish,Slang,Archaism,Jargon 129

8．Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions 133

9．Effective Use of Active Verbs 135

10．Formal and Informal Language 137

11．Loanwords 139

Exercise 4 142

Chapter 3 The Sentence 150

1．Characteristics of an Effective Sentence 150

1）Correctness 150

2）Unity 157

3）Clarity 159

4）Coherence 168

5）Emphasis 172

2．Kinds of Sentences 179

3．Appropriate Usage of Various Kinds of Sentences 182

4．Sentence Variety 184

5．Sentence Combining 188

6．Punctuation 192

Exercise 5 206

Chapter 4 The Paragraph 216

1．Introduction 216

1）Functions of the Paragraph 217

2）Qualities of an Effective Paragraph 218

3）Paragraph Development 239

4）Three Special Paragraphs 241

5）Transition between Paragraphs 248

6）Methods of Developing a Paragraph 250

2．Narration 250

1）What Is Narration? 250

2）How to Write a Narration? 251

（1）Decide upon a Theme 251

（2）Organize the Narrative in Temporal Order 253

（3）Build Conflict in the Plot 254

（4）Focus on the Character 258

（5）Select and Pace the Details 259

（6）Use Consistent Point of View 260

3．Description 261

1）What Is Description? 261

2）How to Write a Description? 262

（1）Establish a Dominant Impression 262

（2）Arrange the Description in Spatial Order 263

（3）Point of View 264

（4）Four Sub-types of Description 265

（5）Use Specific and Vivid Language 268

4．Exposition 269

1）What Is Exposition? 269

2）How to Write an Exposition? 270

（1）Definition 270

（2）Explanation 278

（3）Listing 285

（4）Examples 286

（5）Classification and Division 291

（6）Comparison and Contrast 295

5．Argumentation 301

1）What Is Argumentation? 301

2）How to Write an Argumentation? 302

（1）Distinguish Necessary,Sufficient and Contributory Causes 303

（2）Consider Both Immediate and Remote Causes 304

（3）Patterns of Causal Analysis 305

（4）Avoid Post Hoc Fallacy 307

（5）Avoid Circular Reasoning 307

（6）Explain Cause and Effect Explicitly 308

Exercise 6 309

Chapter 5 The Essay 330

1．What Is an Essay? 330

2．How to Write an Essay? 331

3．Pre-writing Steps 339

4．From Paragraph to Essay 345

5．Style and Tone 360

6．Evaluate Your Own Essay 365

Exercise 7 367

Chapter 6 Varieties of Writing 371

1．Introduction 371

2．Research Paper Writing 372

3．Report Writing 377

1）Business Reports 377

2）Journalistic Reports 379

4．Letter Writing 382

1）Personal Letters 382

2）Business Letters 384

3）Parts of a Letter 387

4）The Memo 393

5）Notes 393

5．Official Writing 396

6．Foreign Trade Writings 404

7．Comments 408

8．Public Speech 413

9．Biography 417

10．Tourist Guide 422

11．Advertising 425

12．Religious Writing&． 429

13．Other Types of Writing 433

Exercise 8 438

Appendix 440

Bibliography 442