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Chapter 1 Linguistics and Language 1

1.1 What is Linguistics? 1

1.1.1 Definition of Linguistics 1

1.1.2 The Process of Linguistic Study 2

1.1.3 The Scope of Linguistics 3

1.1.4 Important Distinctions in Linguistics 5

1.2 Language 13

1.2.1 Why Study Language? 13

1.2.2 What is Language? 14

1.2.3 Design Features of Language 16

1.2.4 Functions of Language 19

Exercises 23

Further Reading 24

References 25

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 26

2.1 Phonetics 26

2.1.1 What is Phonetics? 26

2.1.2 Speech Organs 27

2.1.3 Segments,Divergences,and Phonetic Transcription 29

2.1.4 Classification of English Speech Sounds 31

2.2 Phonology 36

2.2.1 What is phonology? 36

2.2.2 Phone,Phoneme,and Allophone 38

2.2.3 Phonemic Contrast,Complementary Distribution,and Minimal Pair 39

2.2.4 Some Rules in Phonology 39

2.2.5 Suprasegmental Features 41

Exercises 47

Further Reading 47

References 47

Chapter 3 Morphology 49

3.1 What is Morphology? 49

3.1.1 Morpheme 50

3.1.2 Morphemes and Syllables 52

3.1.3 Types of Morphemes 53

3.2 What is Word? 56

3.2.1 Word Class 58

3.2.2 Word Formation Process 62

3.2.3 Collocation 69

Exercises 70

Further Reading 72

References 72

Chapter 4 Syntax 73

4.1 What is Syntax? 73

4.1.1 Word-level Categories 74

4.1.2 Phrase Categories 76

4.1.3 Phrase Structure Rule 76

4.1.4 Sentences(The S rule) 80

4.2 The Process of Syntax 82

4.2.1 The Traditional Approach 82

4.2.2 The Structural Approach 85

4.2.3 The Generative Approach 88

4.2.4 The Functional Approach 95

Exercises 97

Further Reading 98

References 99

Chapter 5 Meaning 100

5.1 Semantics 100

5.1.1 The Study of Meaning 101

5.1.2 Major Sense Relations between Words 106

5.1.3 Major Sense Relations between Sentences 112

5.1.4 Analysis of Meaning 115

5.2 Pragmatics 117

5.2.1 What is Pragmatics? 117

5.2.2 Pragmatics vs.Semantics 119

5.2.3 Speech Act Theory 122

5.2.4 Principle of Conversation 128

5.2.5 Conversational Analysis 135

Exercises 138

Further Reading 139

References 140

Chapter 6 Schools of Modern Linguistics 142

6.1 Ferdinand de Saussure 142

6.1.1 Saussure and His Book 142

6.1.2 Saussure's Linguistic Theories 143

6.2 American Structuralism 147

6.2.1 Franz Boas 148

6.2.2 Edward Sapir 150

6.2.3 Leonard Bloomfield 152

6.3 The Prague School 155

6.3.1 Phonological Oppositions 156

6.3.2 Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP) 159

6.4 The London School 161

6.4.1 Malinowski's Theories 162

6.4.2 Firth's Theories 163

6.4.3 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 165

6.5 Noam Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 171

6.5.1 Noam Chomsky 171

6.5.2 Chomsky's Innateness Hypothesis 172

6.5.3 Transformational-Generative Grammar 174

6.6 Cognitive Linguistics 175

6.6.1 The Nature of Cognitive Linguistics 176

6.6.2 Cognitive Semantics and Cognitive Approaches to Grammar 181

Exercises 186

Further Reading 187

References 187

Chapter 7 Language Acquisition 189

7.1 First Language Acquisition 189

7.1.1 A Behaviorist View of First Language Acquisition 189

7.1.2 A Nativist View of First Language Acquisition 192

7.1.3 An Interactionist View of First Language Acquisition 193

7.2 Second Language Acquisition 196

7.2.1 Contrastive Analysis 197

7.2.2 Error Analysis 199

7.2.3 Interlanguage 200

7.2.4 Communicative Competence 213

7.2.5 Communication Strategies in L2 Use 219

7.2.6 Individual Learner Differences 221

Exercises 225

Further Reading 225

References 226

Chapter 8 Language and Culture 229

8.1 What is Culture? 229

8.1.1 Definition 229

8.1.2 Cultural Images 230

8.1.3 Functions and Characteristics of Culture 232

8.2 Language and Culture 236

8.2.1 The Relation between Language and Culture 236

8.2.2 Linguistic Evidence of Cultural Differences 242

8.2.3 Language-Cultural Teaching and Learning 250

Exercises 253

Further Reading 253

References 253

Chapter 9 Language and Style 257

9.1 The Definition of Stylistics 257

9.2 The Definition of Style 258

9.2.1 Style as the Man 259

9.2.2 Style as Choice 260

9.2.3 Style as Deviation 261

9.2.4 Style as Foregrounding 262

9.3 Deviation 263

9.3.1 Phonological Deviation 263

9.3.2 Graphological Deviation 265

9.3.3 Lexical Deviation 279

9.3.4 Grammatical Deviation 282

9.3.5 Semantic Deviation 283

9.4 Overregularity 291

9.4.1 Phonological Overregularity 291

9.4.2 Lexical and Grammatical Overregularity 296

Exercises 300

Further Reading 301

References 301