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Chapter 1 Applying Words Properly 1

1.1　Types of words 1

1.1.1 Common words,technical words and nonstandard words 1

1.1.2　Formal words and colloquial words 1

1.1.3　Abstract words and concrete words 2

1.1.4　General words and specific words 3

1.2 Meanings of words 3

1.2.1　Polysemy 3

1.2.2　Denotation and connotation 3

1.2.3　Context and meaning 4

1.3 Synonyms 4

1.4 The use of words 6

1.4.1　Collocation 6

1.4.2　The usage of a word 7

1.4.3　Variety in using words 7

1.5　Idiom 9

1.6　Diction 10

1.7　Exercises 11

Chapter 2　Writing Correct and Effective Sentences 13

2.1　Types of sentences 13

2.1.1　Classified according to the elements 13

2.1.2　Classified according to function 14

2.1.3　Classified according to structure 14

2.1.4　Classified according to length 15

2.1.5　Classified according to rhetoric 16

2.1.6　Exercises 17

2.2　Effective sentences 18

2.2.1　Unity 18

2.2.2　Conciseness 19

2.2.3　Clarity 21

2.2.4 Coherence 22

2.2.5 Variety 23

2.2.6 Emphasis within sentences 25

2.2.7 Emphatic sentences 27

2.2.8 Exercises 29

2.3 Sentence skills 30

2.3.1 Complete sentences,minor sentences and sentence fragments 31

2.3.2 Coherence and incoherence 32

2.3.3 Fused sentences or run-on sentences 36

2.3.4 Comma splices and comma faults 36

2.4 Effective sentence patterns for English writing 37

2.5 Exercises 46

Chapter 3 Paragraph 48

3.1 Isolated paragraph 48

3.1.1 Controlling idea 48

3.1.2 Support of the controlling idea 49

3.2 Five-paragraph writing 50

3.2.1 Introductory paragraph 51

3.2.2 Topic sentence 52

3.2.3 Central paragraph 57

3.2.4 Concluding paragraph 58

3.2.5 Transitional words and phrases 60

3.2.6 Developing paragraph 61

3.2.7 Exercises 88

Chapter 4 Writing a Whole Essay 105

4.1 Steps in writing a whole essay 105

4.1.1 Planning 105

4.1.2 Drafting 108

4.1.3 Revision 109

4.1.4 Finalizing 110

4.2 Main parts of an essay 110

4.2.1 The opening part 110

4.2.2 The developing part 111

4.2.3 The closing part 111

4.3 Types of writing 111

4.3.1 Description 111

4.3.2 Narration 115

4.3.3 Argumentation 118

4.3.4 Exposition 120

4.4 Exercises 134

Chapter 5 Practical Writing 135

5.1 Letters 135

5.1.1 Introduction 135

5.1.2 Format of letters 136

5.1.3 Letters of introduction 141

5.1.4 Job application letters 142

5.1.5 Application for admittance 145

5.1.6 Exercises 148

5.2 Resume 148

5.2.1 Brief introduction 148

5.2.2 Content and organization 149

5.2.3 Sample writing 152

5.2.4 Exercises 154

5.3 Brief messages 154

5.3.1 Notes 154

5.3.2 Greeting cards 167

5.3.3 Notices 169

5.3.4 Fax messages 170

5.3.5 E-mails 172

5.3.6 Exercises 173

Chapter 6 CET Writing 175

6.1 Introduction of CET writing 175

6.1.1 Requirements 175

6.1.2 Principles of scoring 175

6.1.3 Standards of scoring 175

6.2 Analysis on types of writing 176

6.2.1 Topic sentence composition 176

6.2.2 Key words composition 177

6.2.3 Outline composition 178

6.2.4 Composition based on tables,graphs,charts,etc 180

Chapter 7 Writing a Research Paper 182

7.1 Steps in writing a research paper 182

7.1.1 Choosing a suitable topic 182

7.1.2 Collecting useful data for your paper 183

7.1.3 Analyzing materials and forming the outline 184

7.1.4 Drafting the paper 185

7.1.5 Revision and finalizing 186

7.2 The format of a research paper 187

7.2.1 The structure of a paper 187

7.2.2 Using quotations 187

7.2.3 The format for adding notes and the final bibliography 188

7.3 Exercises 192

Chapter 8 Using Rhetoric Appropriately 194

8.1 Lexical stylistic devices 194

8.1.1 Simile 194

8.1.2 Metaphor 195

8.1.3 Metonymy 195

8.1.4 Synecdoche 195

8.1.5 Personification 196

8.1.6 Hyperbole 196

8.1.7 Understatement 197

8.1.8 Transferred epithet 197

8.1.9 Euphemism 197

8.1.10 Pun 198

8.1.11 Irony 198

8.1.12 Paradox 198

8.1.13 Oxymoron 199

8.1.14 Allusion 199

8.2 Syntactical stylistic devices 200

8.2.1 Repetition 200

8.2.2 Climax 200

8.2.3 Anticlimax 201

8.2.4 Antithesis 201

8.2.5 Parallelism 202

8.2.6 Rhetorical question 203

8.2.7 Inversion 203

8.3 Phonetic stylistic devices 203

8.3.1 Alliteration 203

8.3.2 Assonance 204

8.3.3 Consonance 204

8.4 Exercises 205

Chapter 9 Punctuation and Manuscript Form 207

9.1 The functions of ordinary punctuation marks 207

9.1.1 Comma(,) 207

9.1.2 Period(.) 208

9.1.3 Question mark(?) 209

9.1.4 Exclamation mark(!) 209

9.1.5 Colon(:) 209

9.1.6 Semicolon(;) 210

9.1.7 Quotation marks(" ") 210

9.1.8 Parentheses(()) 211

9.1.9 Dash(—) 212

9.1.10 Ellipsis points(...) 212

9.2 Manuscript form 212

9.2.1 Pages 212

9.2.2 Title 212

9.2.3 Indention 213

9.2.4 Italics 213

9.2.5 Capitalization 213

9.3 Exercises 214

Appendix 216

Answers to exercises 219

References 236