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INTRODUCTION 1

0.1 Aim 1

0.2 Language in prose and poetry 2

0.3 Where linguistics comesin 4

0.4 The scope and design of this book 6

Notes 8

PartⅠ:Approaches and methods 9

1.1 The domain of style 10

1 STYLE AND CHOICE 10

Preface by Halliday 12

1.2 Stylistics 12

王宗炎序 F 13

1.3 Style and content 14

1.3.1 Style as the dress of thought :one kind of dualism 15

Preface by Chomsky 16

1.3.2 Style as manner of expression:another kind of dualism 19

沈家煊序 23

1.3.3 The inseparability of style and content:monism 24

导读 26

1.4 Comparing monism and dualism 26

1.5 Pluralism:analysing style in terms of functions 29

1.6 A multilevel approach to style 34

Foreword 36

1.7 Conclusion:meanings of style 38

Acknowledgements 38

Notes 40

2 STYLE ,TEXT AND FREQUENCY 42

2.1 The problem of measuring style 43

2.2 The uses of arithmetic 46

2.3 Deviance,prominence,and literary relevance 48

2.4 Relative norms 51

2.5 Primary and secondary norms 54

2.6 Internal deviation 55

2.7 Pervasive and local characteristics of style 56

2.8 Variations in style 57

2.9 Features of style 64

2.10 Style markers and the principle of selection 69

2.11 Conclusion 70

Notes 71

3 A METHOD OF ANALYSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES 74

3.1 A checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories 75

3.2 Notes on the categories 80

3.3 Joseph Conrad:ExampleⅠ 82

3.4 D.H.Lawrence:ExampleⅡ 90

3.5 Henry James:ExampleⅢ 97

3.6 Conclusion 110

3.7 Quantitative appendix 111

Notes 118

4 LEVELS OF STYLE 119

4.1 Language as a cognitive code 119

4.2 Messages and models of reality 124

4.3 An example:Katherine Mansfield 126

4.3.1 The semantic level 127

4.3.2 The syntactic level 130

4.3.3 The graphological level 131

4.3.4 Phonological effects 132

4.4 A justification for studying stylistic variants 133

4.5 Levels and functions 136

4.6 Style and qualitative foregrounding 138

4.7 The remainder of this book 146

Notes 146

PartⅡ：Aspects of style 149

5 LANGUAGE AND THE FICTIONAL WORLD 150

5.1 Language,reality and realism 150

5.2 Reality and mock-reality 153

5.3 Specification of detail:symbolism and redlism 155

5.4 Real speech and fictional speech 159

5.4.1 Realism in conversation 160

5.4.2 Dialect and idiolect 167

5.4.3 Speech and Character 171

5.5 The rendering of the fiction 173

5.5.1 Fictional point of view 174

5.5.2 Fictional sequencing 176

5.5.3 Descriptive focus 180

Notes 185

5.6 Conclusion 185

6 MIND STYLE 187

6.1 How linguistic choices affect mind style 189

6.2 A comparison of three normal mind styles 191

6.3 Some more unusual mind styles 196

6.4 A very unusual mind style 202

6.4.1 General structure 204

6.4.2 Lexis 204

6.4.3 Syntax 205

6.4.4 Textual relations 206

Notes 208

7 THE RHETORIC OF TEXT 209

7.1 The rhetoric of text and discourse 209

7.2 The linearity of text 210

7.3 The Principle of end-focus 212

7.4 Segmentation 214

7.4.1 The‘rhythm of prose’ 215

7.4.2 Segmentation and syntax 217

7.5 Simple and complex sentences 218

7.5.1 Coordination and subordination 220

7.5.2 The principle of climax:‘last is most important’. 222

7.5.3 Periodic sentence structure 225

7.5.4 Loose sentence structure 228

7.6 Addresser-based rhetoric:writing imitating speech 231

7.7 Iconicity:the imitation principle 233

7.7.1 Three principles of sequencing 236

7.7.2 Juxtaposition 239

7.7.3 Other forms of iconicity 242

7.8 Cohesion 243

7.8.1 Cross-reference 246

7.8.2 Linkage 249

7.9 Conclusion 254

Notes 254

8 DISCOURSE AND DISCOURSE SITUATION 257

8.1 The discourse situation of literature 257

8.1.1 Implied author and implied reader 259

8.1.2 Authors and narrators 262

8.1.3 Narrators and characters 269

8.2 Point of view and value language 272

8.3 Multiplicty of values 276

8.4 Irony 277

8.5 Authorial tone 280

8.6 Conclusion 286

Notes 287

9 CONVERSATION IN THE NOVEL 288

9.1 Pragmatics and the interpretation of conversation 288

9.1.1 Speech acts 290

9.1.2 Conversational implicature 294

9.2 Pragmatics and thought 299

9.3 ‘Conversation’between authors and readers 302

9.4 An extended pragmatic analysis 305

9.5 Conversationaltone 309

9.5.1 An example:references to people 310

9.5.2 Other indicators of politeness 312

9.5.3 Politeness and formality 314

Notes 316

9.6 Conclusion 316

10 SPEECH AND THOUGHT PRESENTATION 318

10.1 The presentation of speech 318

10.1.1 Direct and indirect speech(DS and IS) 318

10.1.2 Free direct speech(FDS) 322

10.1.3 The narrative report of speech acts(NRSA) 323

10.1.4 Free indirect speech(FIS) 324

10.1.5 The effects and uses of FIS 334

10.2 The presentation of thought 336

10.2.1 The categorization of thought presen-tation 337

10.2.2 The relationship between inner speech and point of view 341

10.2.3 The uses of the categories of thought presentation 342

10.3 Conclusion 348

Notes 351

Passages and topics for further study 352

Further reading 382

Bibliography 387

Index of works discussed 394

Generalindex 396

文库索引 403