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1 Important Basic Concepts in Particle Physics 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Symmetries and Currents 4

1.3 Local Symmetries and Yang-Mills Fields 8

1.4 Quantum Chromodynamic Theory of Strong Interactions 11

1.5 Hidden Symmetries of Weak Interactions 14

References 18

2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 21

2.1 Symmetries and Their Realizations 21

2.2 Nambu-Goldstone Bosons for an Arbitrary Non-Abelian Group 24

2.3 Some Properties of Nambu-Goldstone Bosons 26

2.4 Phenomenology of Massless and Near-Massless Spin-0 Bosons 28

2.5 The Higgs-Kibble Mechanism in Gauge Theories 30

2.6 Group Theory of the Higgs Phenomenon 33

2.7 Renormalizability and Triangle Anomalies 34

References 36

3 The SU(2)L×U(1) Model 38

3.1 The SU(2)L×U(1) Model of Glashow,Weinberg,and Salam 38

3.2 Neutral-Current Interactions 43

3.3 Masses and Decay Properties of W and Z Bosons 47

3.4 Fermion Masses and Mixing 52

3.5 Higher-Order-Induced Flavor-Changing Neutral-Current Effects 54

3.6 The Higgs Bosons 56

3.7 SU(2)L×U(1) Model with Two Higgs Doublets 59

3.8 Puzzles of the Standard Model 61

3.9 Outline of the Various Scenarios 64

3.10 Beyond the Standard Model 64

References 71

4 CP Violation:Weak and Strong 74

4.1 CP Violation in Weak Interactions 74

4.2 CP Violation in Gauge Models:Generalities 78

4.3 The Kobayashi-Maskawa Model 80

4.4 Left-Right Symmetric Models of CP Violation 85

4.5 The Higgs Exchange Models 92

4.6 Strong CP Violation and the θ-Problem 94

4.7 Solutions to the Strong CP Problem without the Axion 98

4.8 Summary 100

References 102

5 Grand Unification and the SU(5) Model 106

5.1 The Hypothesis of Grand Unification 106

5.2 SU(N) Grand Unification 107

5.3 Sin2θW in Grand Unified Theories(GUT) 108

5.4 SU(5) 109

5.5 Grand Unification Mass Scale and Sin2θW at Low Energies 114

5.6 Detailed Predictions of the SU(5) Model for Proton Decay 118

5.7 Some Other Aspects of the SU(5) Model 121

5.8 Gauge Coupling Unification with Intermediate Scales before Grand Unification 125

References 128

6 Symmetric Models of Weak Interactions and Massive Neutrinos 130

6.1 Why Left-Right Symmetry? 130

6.2 The Model,Symmetry Breaking,and Gauge Boson Masses 133

6.3 Limits on MZR and mWR from Charged-Current Weak Interactions 140

6.3.1 Limits on the WR-WL Mixing Parameter ？ 145

6.4 Properties of Neutrinos and Lepton-Number-Violating Processes 146

6.5 Baryon Number Nonconservation and Higher Unification 157

6.6 Sin2θW and the Scale of Partial Unification 163

6.7 Left-Right Symmetry—An Alternative Formulation 164

6.8 Higher Order Effects 166

6.9 Conclusions 168

References 170

7 SO(10) Grand Unification 175

7.1 Introduction 175

7.2 SO(2N) in an SU(N) Basis[3] 176

7.3 Fermion Masses and the"Charge Conjugation" Operator 179

7.4 Symmetry-Breaking Patterns and Intermediate Mass Scales 183

7.5 Decoupling Parity and SU(2)R Breaking Scales 189

7.6 Second Z' Boson 191

References 192

8 Technicolor and Compositeness 193

8.1 Why Compositeness? 193

8.2 Technicolor and Electroweak Symmetry Breaking 194

8.3 Techni-Composite Pseudo-Goldstone Bosons 197

8.4 Fermion Masses 199

8.5 Composite Quarks and Leptons 201

8.6 Light Quarks and Leptons and't Hooft Anomaly Matching 204

8.7 Examples of 't Hooft Anomaly Matching 206

8.8 Some Dynamical Constraints on Composite Models 209

8.9 Other Aspects of Composite Models 210

8.10 Symmetry Breaking via Top-Quark Condensate 213

References 216

9 Global Supersymmetry 220

9.1 Supersymmetry 220

9.2 A Supersymmetric Field Theory 222

9.3 Two-Component Notation 225

9.4 Superfields 227

9.5 Vector and Chiral Superfields 230

References 235

10 Field Theories with Global Supersymmetry 236

10.1 Supersymmetry Action 236

10.2 Supersymmetric Gauge Invariant Lagrangian 240

10.3 Feynman Rules for Supersymmetric Theories[3] 242

10.4 Allowed Soft-Breaking Terms 246

References 248

11 Broken Supersymmetry and Application to Particle Physics 249

11.1 Spontaneous Breaking of Supersymmetry 249

11.2 Supersymmetric Analog of the Goldberger-Treiman Relation 251

11.3 D-Type Breaking of Supersymmetry 253

11.4 O'Raifeartaigh Mechanism or F-Type Breaking of Supersymmetry 254

11.5 A Mass Formula for Supersymmetric Theories and the Need for Soft Breaking 256

References 258

12 Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model 260

12.1 Introduction,Field Content and the Lagrangian 260

12.2 Constraints on the Masses of Superparticles 268

12.3 Other Effects of Superparticles 273

12.4 Why Go beyond the MSSM? 276

12.5 Mechanisms for Supersymmetry Breaking 277

12.6 Renormalization of Soft Supersymmetry-Breaking Parameters 284

12.7 Supersymmetric Left-Right Model 286

References 291

13 Supersymmetric Grand Unification 293

13.1 The Supersymmetric SU(5) 293

13.2 Proton Decay in the Supersymmetry SU(5) Model 296

13.2.1 Problems and Prospects for SUSY SU(5) 299

13.3 Supersymmetric SO(10) 301

13.3.1 Symmetry Breaking and Fermion Masses 301

13.3.2 Neutrino Masses,R-Parity Breaking,126 vrs.16 304

13.3.3 Doublet-Triplet Splitting(D-T-S): 306

References 308

14 Local Supersymmetry(N=1) 310

14.1 Connection Between Local Supersymmetry and Gravity 310

14.2 Rarita-Schwinger Formulation of the Massless Spin-3/2 Field 312

14.3 Elementary General Relativity 313

14.4 N=1 Supergravity Lagrangian 316

14.5 Group Theory of Gravity and Supergravity Theories 317

14.6 Local Conformal Symmetry and Gravity 320

14.7 Conformal Supergravity and Matter Couplings 323

14.8 Matter Couplings and the Scalar Potential in Supergravity 327

14.9 Super-Higgs Effect 331

14.10 Different Formulations of Supergravity 332

References 334

15 Application of Supergravity(N=1) to Particle Physics 335

15.1 Effective Lagrangian from Supergravity 335

15.2 The Polonyi Model of Supersymmetry Breaking 337

15.3 Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and Supergravity 340

15.4 Grand Unification and N=1 Supergravity 343

References 347

16 Beyond N=1 Supergravity 348

16.1 Beyond Supergravity 348

16.2 Extended Supersymmetries(N=2) 349

16.3 Supersymmetries with N>2 351

16.4 Higher-Dimensional Supergravity Theories 352

16.5 d=10 Super-Yang-Mills Theory 356

References 359

17 Superstrings and Quark-Lepton Physics 361

17.1 Introduction to Strings 361

17.2 Light Cone Quantization and Vacuum Energy of the String 368

17.3 Neveu-Schwarz and Ramond Strings 370

17.4 GSO Projection and Supersymmetric Spectrum 372

17.5 Heterotic String 374

17.6 N=1 Super-Yang-Mills Theory in Ten Dimensions 376

17.7 Compactification and the Calabi-Yau Manifold 377

17.8 Brief Introduction to Complex Manifolds 381

17.9 Calabi-Yau Manifolds and Polynomial Representations for(2,1) Forms 383

17.10 Assignment of Particles,the E6-GUT Model[18],and Symmetry Breaking 388

17.11 Supersymmetry Breaking 398

17.12 Cosmological Implications of the Intermediate Scale 401

17.13 A Real Superstring Model with Four Generations 402

17.14 String Theories,Extra Dimensions,and Gauge Coupling Unification 407

17.14.1 Weakly Coupled Heterotic String,Mass Scales,and Gauge Coupling Unification 407

17.14.2 Strongly Coupled Strings,Large Extra Dimensions,and Low String Scales 408

17.14.3 Effect of Extra Dimensions on Gauge Coupling Unification 409

17.15 Conclusion 412

References 413

Index 419