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1 Introduction: Linguistics and Language Acquisition 1

1.1 Knowledge of Language: Competence and Performance 1

1.2 Types of Linguistic Knowledge 2

1.3 The Projection Problem 3

1.4 Universal Grammar 3

1.5 Outline 5

Notes 5

Further Reading 5

2 Phonological Acquisition 6

2.1.1 How Sounds are Made 6

2.1 Speech Sounds 6

2.1.2 Features 9

Preface by Halliday 9

王宗炎序 10

2.2 Phonetics, Phonology and Language Variation 11

导读 13

2.3 Categorical Perception in Adults and Infants 13

2.4 Early Speech Sounds 18

Preface and Acknowledgements 20

2.5 Feature Acquisition 21

2.6 Child Phonologies 22

2.6.1 Segmental Rules 24

2.6.2 Suprasegmentals 29

2.7 Problems and Ideas 38

2.8 Summary and Conclusions 41

Notes 42

Further Reading 43

Questions and Exercises 43

3.1 Types of Morphological Rules 45

3 Morphological Development and Innovation 45

3.2 A Morphological Model 47

3.3 Children s Knowledge of Level Ordering 49

3.4 Rule Use and Innovation 51

3.5 Problems and Unknowns 53

3.6 A Cross-Linguistic Perspective 55

3.7 Summary and Conclusions 58

Questions and Exercises 59

4 The Acquisition of Syntax 61

4.1 Syntactic Structures and Universal Grammar 61

4.1.1 Basic Syntax 61

4.1.2 Levels of Representation 64

4.1.3 Universal Grammar: Principles and Parameters 70

4.1.4 Modules of Government Binding Theory 71

4.2 The Outer Course of Development 74

4.1.5 Government Binding Theory and the Acquisition 74

4.3 Early Syntax 75

4.3.1 Early Phrase Structure 76

4.3.2 Subjectless Sentences 80

4.4 Syntax in the Pre-School Years 82

4.4.1 Children s Knowledge of the Binding Theory 82

4.4.2 Bounding Theory and the Development of Movement 88

4.4.3 Children s Grammar of Control 95

4.4.4 Summary 97

4.5 Syntactic Development after Age Six 98

4.6 Syntactic Development: Some Popular Ideas Reconsidered 99

4.6.1 Semantics First 100

4.6.2 Syntax is Late 105

4.7 Summary and Conclusions 107

Notes 107

Questions and Exercises 108

Further Reading 108

5 Further Aspects of Syntactic and Semantic Development 113

5.1 The Auxiliary System of English 113

5.1.1 Auxiliary Verbs and Morphological Endings 113

5.1.2 Negation and Do Support 116

5.1.3 A Syntactic Analysis 117

5.2 The Acquisition of Auxiliary Systems:Syntax 119

5.3 The Acquisition of Negation 125

5.4 An Aside on Developmental Orders and Individual Development 126

5.5 The Acquisition of Modality, Tense and Aspect 127

5.5.1 Modality 127

5.5.2 Tense and Aspect 128

5.6 The Development of Word Meanings 130

5.6.1 Word Meanings 130

5.6.2 The Semantic Feature Hypothesis 131

5.6.3 Challenges to the Semantic Feature Hypothesis 132

5.7 Quantification and Logical Form 134

5.8 Summary and Conclusions 137

Note 138

Further Reading 138

Questions and Exercises 139

6 Cognition, Environment and Language Learning 140

6.1 Innateness 140

6.2 Input and Errors 142

6.3 The Role of Universal Grammar in Language Development 144

6.4 Learnability and Acquisition Principles 145

6.4.1 Subjacency and Degree-n Learnability 146

6.4.2 The Subset Principle 148

6.5 Summary: Components of a Learning Model 150

6.6.1 Markedness and Orders of Acquisition 151

6.6 Some Questions and Problems in Acquisition Theory 151

6.6.2 Continuity or Maturation? 153

6.6.3 Parameter Setting vs. Hypothesis Testing 155

6.7 The Limits of the Linguistic Model: Lexical Learning 156

6.8 Motherese 160

6.9 Language Development and Cognitive Development 163

6.9.1 Specificity and the Logic of Learning 163

6.9.2 Constructivism and Developmental Orders 165

6.10 Summary and Conclusions 167

Notes 168

Further Reading 169

Questions and Exercises 169

7 Performance Development 173

7.1 Estimating Competence 173

7.2.1 A Model 177

7.2 Adult Processing Mechanisms 177

7.2.2 Grammar vs. General Knowledge and Strategies 178

7.2.3 Words-to-Message Processing 184

7.3 Children s Sentence Processing 186

7.3.1 On-line Computation of Syntactic Structure 186

7.3.2 Strategies and Children s Comprehension 188

7.3.3 Resolution Strategies 191

7.4 Discourse Integration 193

7.5 Summary and Conclusions 196

Notes 198

Further Reading 198

Questions and Exercises 198

Bibliography 201

Index 220

文库索引 225