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1 Setting the stage 1

1 Languages and dialects of China 1

2 Historical background 4

Preface by Halliday 10

王宗炎序 11

3 Tone patterns in present day dialects 13

Preface by Chomsky 14

4 Tones in context 19

沈家煊序 21

导读 24

Preface 37

5 Synchronic relevance of diachrony 38

Notational conventions 43

6 Citation tone，base tone，sandhi tone 49

2 Tonal representation and tonal processes 53

1 Tonal representation 53

2 The autosegmental status of tone 57

3 Tonal geometry and the typology of spread/shift rules 63

4 Dissimilation and substitution 79

5 Neutralization and differentiation 84

Appendix Tone features 96

1 The nature of the problem 98

3 Directionality and interacting sandhi processes I 98

2 Tianjin：directionality effect 105

3 A derivational account 110

4 Constraints on derivation? 118

5 A non-derivational alternative 122

6 Cross-level constraints 134

7 Harmonic serialism 140

8 Concluding remarks 147

4 Directionality and interacting sandhi processes II 150

1 Changting：preamble 150

2 Temporal Sequence and No-Backtracking 153

3 Temporal sequencing vs．structural affinity 158

4 Derivational economy and structural complexity 165

5 Concluding remarks 172

5 From base tones to sandhi forms：a constraint-based analysis 174

1 Background 176

2 Parallel constraint satisfaction 179

3 Constraint ranking 186

4 Opacity 201

5 Competing strategies 209

Appendix Sandhi forms of disyllabic compounds（New Chongming dialect） 218

6 From tone to accent 219

1 Shanghai：an aborted accentual system? 220

2 New Chongming：an emergent accentual system 225

3 Culminative accent 232

4 Saliency and Edgemostness 244

5 Prosodic weight and recursive constraint satisfaction 253

6 Tonic clash 267

7 Semantically determined prominence 277

8 Leveling 280

7 Stress-foot as sandhi domain I 285

1 The phonological status of stress in chinese 286

2 Stress-sensitive tonal phenomena 295

3 Shanghai：stress-foot as sandhi domain 306

8 Stress-foot as sandhi domain II 320

1 Wuxi：stress shift 320

2 Danyang：asymmetric stressclash 325

3 Nantong：stress-foot and p-word 341

9 Minimal rhythmic unit as obligatory sandhi domain 364

1 Minimal rhythmic units 366

2 A two-pass MRU formation 380

3 The syntactic word 386

4 The phonological word 396

5 Summary 403

6 The prosodic hierarchy 404

7 Syntactic juncture 414

8 Meaning-based prosodic structure 417

Appendix Prosodic and syntactic word 426

10 Phonological phrase as a sandhi domain 431

1 End-based p-phrase 431

2 Supporting evidence for p-phrase 441

3 M-command or domain c-command 446

4 Lexical government 455

5 Rhythmic effect in Xiamen 471

11 From tone to intonation 475

1 Wenzhou tone system 476

2 Word-level tone sandhi 477

3 Clitic groups 486

4 Phrasal tone sandhi 490

5 Intonation phrasing 494

6 Tonic prominence 499

Concluding remarks 504

Bibliographical appendix Tone sandhi across Chinese dialects 507

References 523

Subject index 545

Author index 551

文库索引 555