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Introduction 1

1 Main issues of translation studies 4

1.1 The concept of translation 4

1.2 What is translation studies? 5

1.3 A brief history of the discipline 7

1.4 The Holmes/Toury'map' 10

1.5 Developments since the 1970s 14

1.6 Aim of this book and a guide to chapters 15

2 Translation theory before the twentieth century 18

2.0 Introduction 18

2.1 'Word-for-word'or'sense-for-sense'? 19

2.2 Martin Luther 22

2.3 Faithfulness,spirit and truth 23

2.4 Early attempts at systematic translation theory:Dryden,Dolet and Tytler 24

2.5 Schleiermacher and the valorization of the foreign 27

2.6 Translation theory of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Britain 28

2.7 Towards contemporary translation theory 29

3 Equivalence and equivalent effect 35

3.0 Introduction 35

3.1 Roman Jakobson:the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence 36

3.2 Nida and'the science of translating' 37

3.3 Newmark:semantic and communicative translation 44

3.4 Koller:Korrespondenz and ？quivalenz 46

3.5 Later developments in equivalence 49

4 The translation shift approach 55

4.0 Introduction 55

4.1 Vinay and Darbelnet's model 56

4.2 Catford and translation'shifts' 60

4.3 Czech writing on translation shifts 62

4.4 Van Leuven-Zwart's comparative-descriptive model of translation shifts 63

5 Functional theories of translation 72

5.0 Introduction 73

5.1 Text type 73

5.2 Translational action 77

5.3 Skopos theory 78

5.4 Translation-oriented text analysis 81

6 Discourse and register analysis approaches 89

6.0 Introduction 89

6.1 The Hallidayan model of language and discourse 90

6.2 House's model of translation quality assessment 92

6.3 Baker's text and pragmatic level analysis:a coursebook for translators 95

6.4 Hatim and Mason:the semiotic level of context and discourse 99

6.5 Criticisms of discourse and register analysis approaches to translation 101

7 Systems theories 108

7.0 Introduction 108

7.1 Polysystem theory 109

7.2 Toury and descriptive translation studies 111

7.3 Chesterman's translation norms 118

7.4 Other models of descriptive translation studies:Lambert and van Gorp and the Manipulation School 119

8 Varieties of cultural studies 126

8.0 Introduction 127

8.1 Translation as rewriting 127

8.2 Translaion and gender 131

8.3 Postcolonial translation theory 133

8.4 The ideologies of the theorists 138

9 Translating the foreign:the(in)visibility of translation 144

9.0 Introduction 144

9.1 Venuti:the cultural and political agenda of translation 145

9.2 Literary translators'accounts of their work 152

9.3 The power network of the publishing industry 153

9.4 Discussion of Venuti's work 155

9.5 The reception and reviewing of translations 156

10 Philosophical theories of translation 162

10.0 Introduction 162

10.1 Steiner's hermeneutic motion 163

10.2 Ezra Pound and the energy of language 168

10.3 The task of the translator:Walter Benjamin 169

10.4 Deconstruction 170

11 Translation studies as an interdiscipline 181

11.0 Introduction 181

11.1 Discipline,interdiscipline or sub-discipline? 182

11.2 Mary Snell-Hornby's'integrated approach' 183

11.3 Interdisciplinary approaches 187

11.4 The future:co-operation or fragmentation? 190

Appendix:internet links 197

Notes 198

Bibliography 203

Index 213

Figures 10

1.1 Holmes's'map'of translation studies 10

1.2 The applied branch of translation studies 13

3.1 Nida's three-stage system of translation 40

5.1 Reiss's text types and text varieties 74

6.1 Relation of genre and register to language 90

6.2 Scheme for analyzing and comparing original and translation texts 92

7.1 Toury's initial norm and the continuum of adequate and acceptable translation 114

7.2 Preliminary norms 115

7.3 Operational norms 115

11.1 Text type and relevant criteria for translation 184

Tables 45

3.1 Comparison of Newmark's semantic and communicative translation 45

3.2 Differentiation of equivalence and correspondence 47

3.3 Characteristics of research foci for different equivalence types 48

4.1 Main categories of van Leuven-Zwart's comparative model 64

4.2 Segmentation of text into units of translation 67

5.1 Functional characteristics of text types and links to translation methods 74