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An Introduction to Technical and Vocational Education in China 1

1. 1 Development History of Technical and Vocational Education 1

1.1.1 Technical and Vocational Education before the Founding of the People's Republic of China 1

1. 1.2 Technical and Vocational Education after the Founding of the People's Republic of China 3

1.2 Technical and Vocational Education in Mainland China 6

1.2.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education 7

1.2.2 Characteristics of Technical and Vocational Education 12

1.2.3 Reform Tendency of Technical and Vocational Education 15

1.3 Technical and Vocational Education in Hong Kong,China 18

1.3.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education 18

1.3.2 Characteristics of Technical and Vocational Education 23

1.4 Technical and Vocational Education in Macao,China 25

1.4.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education 26

1.4.2 Problems with Technical and Vocational Education 30

1.5 Technical and Vocational Education in Taiwan,China 31

1.5.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education 31

1.5.2 Reform of Technical and Vocational Education 33

Vocational Training and Employment 35

2.1 Forms of Employment Transition 35

2.1.1 History of Vocational Guidance 35

2.1.2 Process of Vocational Guidance 37

2.1.3 Ways and Methods of Vocational Guidance 38

2.2 Training and Employment Market 41

2.2.1 Approaches and Policies of Employment 41

2.2.2 Policies of Employment 41

2.2.3 Current Situation of Labor Employment 43

2.2.4 Tracking Surveys and Services to Graduates 46

2.2.5 Developing Tendency of Vocational Training and Employment 48

Curriculum of Technical and Vocational Education 51

3.1 The Meaning and Characteristics of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum 51

3.1.1 The Meaning of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum 51

3.1.2 Characteristics of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum 52

3.2 Setup Orientation of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum 52

3.2.1 Setup Ideas of Curriculum 52

3.2.2 Setup Goals of Curriculum 53

3.2.3 Framework of Curriculum 54

3.3 Types of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum 56

3.3.1 Knowledge-based Curriculum 56

3.3.2 Competence-based Curriculum 59

3.4 Development of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum 61

3.4.1 Principles of Curriculum Development 61

3.4.2 Process of Curriculum Development 63

3.4.3 Main Models of Curriculum Development 66

3.5 Reform of Technical and Vocational Education Curriculum 71

3.5.1 Context of Curriculum Reform 72

3.5.2 Contents of Curriculum Reform 73

3.5.3 Tendency of Curriculum Reform 76

3.5.4 The Case of Curriculum Reform—Analysis of Reform of Secondary Technical and Vocational Education in Zhejiang Province 78

4 Specialty Setup of Technical and Vocational Education 85

4.1 Several Conceptions about Specialty Setup of Chinese Vocational Schools 86

4.1.1 Specialty Setup 86

4.1.2 Specialty Catalog 87

4.2 Fundamental Basis of Specialty Setup of Chinese Technical and Vocational Education 92

4.2.1 Training Objectives of Technical and Vocational Education 92

4.2.2 Demands of Society for Occupations(Professional Post Group) 94

4.2.3 Adjustment of Industrial Structure and Advancement of Science and Technology 96

4.2.4 Establishment of Characteristic and Competitive Specialties 97

4.3 Characteristics of Specialty Setup of Technical and Vocational Education 98

4.3.1 Expansion of Specialty Scale 98

4.3.2 Adjustment of Specialty Structure 99

4.3.3 Flexibility of Specialty Setup 102

4.3.4 Update of Specialty Name 103

4.3.5 Wide Connotation of Specialty 103

4.3.6 Normative Management of Specialty Setup 104

4.4 Current Situation of Specialty Setup of Technical and Vocational Education 104

4.4.1 Current Situation of Specialty Setup of Higher Technical and Vocational Education 104

4.4.2 Current Situation of Specialty Setup of Secondary Technical and Vocational Education 118

4.5 Administrative Document of Specialty Setup of Chinese Technical and Vocational Education 136

4.5.1 Administrative Measures of Specialty Setup of General Colleges,Higher Technical and Vocational Institutes(trial) 136

4.5.2 Principles and Suggestions on Specialty Setup of Secondary Vocational Schools 139

5 Teaching of Technical and Vocational Education 143

5.1 Teaching Modes of Technical and Vocational Education 143

5.1.1 A Brief Introduction 143

5.1.2 Some Common Teaching Modes 145

5.2 Teaching Methods of Technical and Vocational Education 152

5.2.1 A Brief Introduction 152

5.2.2 Some Common Teaching Methods 155

5.3 Teaching Organization Forms of Technical and Vocational Education 164

5.3.1 A Brief Introduction 164

5.3.2 Some Common Forms of Teaching Organization 165

5.4 Characteristics of Teaching of Technical and Vocational Education 169

5.4.1 Clear Vocation-orientation 169

5.4.2 Behavior-oriented Teaching Process 170

5.4.3 Integration of Theory and Practice 170

5.4.4 Cooperation of All Participants during the Teaching Process 172

6 Teachers of Technical and Vocational Education 175

6.1 Current Situation of Technical and Vocational Education Teaching Faculty 175

6.1.1 Structure of Teaching Faculty 175

6.1.2 Cultivating and Training System of Teaching Faculty 179

6.1.3 Management of Teaching Faculty 183

6.1.4 Problems with Teaching Faculty Construction 186

6.2 Traits and Requirements of Technical and Vocational Education Teaching Faculty 187

6.2.1 Traits of Teaching Faculty 188

6.2.2 Requirements of Teaching Faculty 192

6.3 Professional Development of Technical and Vocational Education Teaching Faculty 198

6.3.1 Professionalism of Teaching Faculty 198

6.3.2 Reflection on Professional Development of Teaching Faculty 201

7 Management of Technical and Vocational Education 207

7.1 Management System of Technical and Vocational Education 207

7.1.1 Development History of Management System 207

7.1.2 Current Situation of Management System 211

7.2 School Management of Technical and Vocational Education 214

7.2.1 Management System 214

7.2.2 Management Modes 219

7.3 Teacher Management of Technical and Vocational Education 225

7.3.1 Source of Vocational School Teachers 225

7.3.2 Appointment and Evaluation of Vocational School Teachers 227

7.4 Other Management of Technical and Vocational Education in China 230

7.4.1 Major Management and Curriculum Provision 230

7.4.2 Teaching and Training Management 231

7.4.3 Textbook Management 233

7.5 Thinking for Improving Technical and Vocational Education Management 234

7.5.1 Improving the Macro-management of Technical and Vocational Education 234

7.5.2 Improving the Micro-management of Technical and Vocational Education 238

References 245

Index 249